Visual Communication

Class 10 | Science — Computer_Science | Unit 23

Class 10 Unit 23 Science

UNIT-23

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson the students will be able to:

• Differentiate a File from a Folder
• Know how to create a File and a Folder
• Use the software application to create Animation

INTRODUCTION

In general, whenever we think of computers, the things that come to our mind is computer screen, keyboard, mouse and CPU. We learnt about computer and parts of a computer as introductory part in standard 6. Apart from that, software and hardware also play vital role in the working of computer. Now, shall we learn how to operate the computer?

The reason we prefer computer is its speed and the ability to store data. How can we save data and information in computer? We can save them in folders which accommodate multiple files or a single file. Let us understand the terminologies like file and folder before moving further.

23.1 FILE

The output we get from any application is commonly referred as 'file' Therefore the application for the specific purposes determines the nature of the file.

23.1.1 FOLDER

A folder is a storage space that contains multiple files. We can create files as per the user's need. For clear understanding, we can take the example of a bookshelf in a library. The individual book can be considered as a 'file' and the whole set of books in a shelf can be considered as folders.

When we right click on the mouse, the popup menu appears on the screen with multiple options. Select 'NEW' option and a secondary menu comes up with another set of options. Select 'Folder' option in the menu. You can now save your file or files in the newly created folder.

More people are using Windows and LINUX operating systems in their computers. We can do many activities like collect notes, draw or paint, create animations or spreadsheets or word docs or PPTs etcetera. We use 'Guide Board' to go to the unknown places. like that when we 'On' the computer click the 'START' button at the left corner of the computer, it shows the list of all programs in the computer. Now select the required program and create the required files.

How can we create Files?

For example if the computer is operating on the Windows OS, we can collect our notes in 'Notepad' application and draw pictures in 'Paint' application. As per its name we can type notes in 'Notepad' and save the created files in a folder. Likewise in the 'Paint' app we can draw and edit pictures.

With these pictures, let us see how we can create image gallery, animations and graphics easily. Pictures and audio-visuals give us more understanding than teaching and writing on the black board. Is it right? Instead of saying a story like 'once upon a time there was a king' we can understand the concept easily by seeing the video and also it registers firmly in the minds of the students.

The device which helps in explaining the concepts easily through pictures is known as 'Visual Communication Device'. For example photos, audio -visuals, drawings, animations all these can be created easily with the help of computer. Cinema is a good example for 'Visual Communication Device'.

23.2. SCRATCH

Introduction

'Scratch' is a software used to create animations, cartoons and games easily. Scratch is a visual programming language. It was developed in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab to make programming easier and more fun to learn.

Scratch Environment Editor

The Scratch editor has three main parts: They are Stage, Sprite and Script editor.

Stage:

Stage is the background appearing when we open the scratch window. The background will most often be white. You can change the background colour as you like.

Sprite:

The characters on the background of a Scratch window are known as Sprite. Usually a cat appears as a sprite when the Scratch window is opened. The software provides facilities to make alternations in sprite.

Script editor or costume editor:

Where you edit your programs or your sprite's pictures. You should see a single window with at least the following three panes: the Stage (top left), the Sprite List (bottom left), and the Scripts tab (right), which contains the Blocks tab and the Scripts Area. The right pane also contains two additional tabs, Costumes and Sounds.

The script editor has three main parts:

• Script area: Where you build scripts.
• Block menu: Where you choose the category of blocks (programming statements) to use.
• Block palette: Where you choose the block to use.

When the Costumes tab is chosen, the costume editor is shown (outlined in red):

Movement and Loops

Click File , and click New to create a new project and enter a project name.

Click the menu Script → Event, drag a when green flag clicked block to the scripts area. Your scripts area should look like this:

Click the menu Script → Motion menu, drag a go to x: 0 y: 0 block to the scripts area and snap it to the bottom of the when green flag clicked block. Your script should look like this:

Add a move 10 steps block to the bottom of your script and change the 10 into 100.

Click the green flag at the top right corner of the stage to run your program.

Adding Sound

Click Sprite1 in the sprite list and click the Sounds tab. Try the meow sound already there. If you don't like it, click the speaker icon to choose a different sound from the sound library.

Click the Scripts tab and find the play sound block from the Sound menu. Add this block to the when space key pressed script. (Select the sound you want from the drop-down list.) Run your program.

Example: Program for print the word "Hello" with sound

• Click events in script option
• Drag when clicked tab to script area
• Click Looks in script option.
• Drag "say" to script area.
• Type "Hello "word in say tab.
• Click sounds in script option.
• Drag play sound to script area.
• Choose the hello sound from the audio file.
• From File menu choose the Save option.
• Click the green flag at the top right corner of the stage window to run the program

Output:

TEXTBOOK EVALUATION

Exercise 1. Choose the best answer

1. Which software is used to create animation?

a. Paint b. PDF c. MS Word d. Scratch

2. All files are stored in the .

a. Folder b. Box c. Pai d. scanner

3. Which is used to build scripts?

a. Script area b. Block palette c. Stage d. Sprite

4. Which is used to edit programs?

a. Inkscape b. script editor c. stage d. sprite

5. Where you will create category of blocks?

a. Block palette b. Block menu c. Script area d. sprite Exercise 2. Match the Following

1. Script Area
2. Folder
3. Scratch
4. Costume editor
5. Notepad

Options: Type notes, Animation Software, Edit Programs, Store files, Build Scripts

Exercise 3. Answer the following

1. What is Scratch?

2. Write a short note on editor and its main parts?

3. What is Stage?

4. What is Sprite?

PRACTICALS

Serial Number	Subject	NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT	MONTH
1	PHYSICS	Determination of weight of an object using the principle of moments	June
2	PHYSICS	Determination of focal length of a convex lens	July
3	PHYSICS	Determination of resistivity	September
4	CHEMISTRY	Identification of the dissolution of the given salt whether it is exothermic or endothermic	June
5	CHEMISTRY	Testing the solubility of the salt	July
6	CHEMISTRY	Testing the water of hydration of salt	August
7	CHEMISTRY	Test the given sample for the presence of acid or base	October
8	BIO-BOTANY	Photosynthesis-Test tube and Funnel Experiment (Demonstration)	June
9	BIO-BOTANY	Parts of a Flower	August
10	BIO-BOTANY	Mendel's Monohybrid cross	August
11	BIO-BOTANY	Observation of Transverse Section of Dicot stem and Dicot Root	October
12	BIO-ZOOLOGY	Observation of Models-Human Heart and Human Brain	July
13	BIO-ZOOLOGY	Identification of Blood Cells	August
14	BIO-ZOOLOGY	Identification of Endocrine Glands	October

40 minutes for each practical

PHYSICS

1. DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT USING THE PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

Aim:

To determine the weight of an object using the principle of moments

Apparatus required:

A metre scale, a knife edge, slotted weights, thread

Procedure:

A metre scale is supported at its centre of gravity by a knife edge or suspended by using a thread tied to its centre so that the scale is in the horizontal position. Ensure that the scale is in equilibrium position. A known weight W2 and an unknown weight W1 are suspended from to either side of the scale using the weight hangers. Fix the position of one weight hanger and adjust the position of the second weight hanger such that the scale is in equilibrium. Measure the distance d1 and d2 of the two weight hangers from the centre of the scale accurately. The experiment is repeated for different positions of the unknown weight. Measure the distances. The reading is tabulated as follows:

Observation:

Serial Number	Weight in the weight hanger W2 (kilogram)	Distance of known weight d1 (meter)	Distance of unknown Weight d2 (meter)	W₂ × d₂ (kilogram meter)	Unknown weight W₁ = W₂ × d₂ ÷ d₁ (kilogram)
1
2
3
Mean:

Calculations:

Moment of a force can be calculated using the formula

Moment of the force = Force × distance

Anti clock wise moment by unknown weight = W1 × d1

Clockwise moment by known weight = W2 × d2

W1 × d1= W2 × d2

Unknown weight = W₁ = W₂ × d₂ ÷ d₁

Result:

Using the principle of moments, the weight of the unknown body W1 = kilogram weight.

2. DETERMINATION OF FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX LENS

Aim:

To determine the focal length of a convex lens by using Distant object method uv method

Apparatus required:

A convex lens, stand, wire gauze object, screen and measuring scale.

Formula:

f = uv ÷ (u + v)

Here, u is the distance between the object (light source) and the convex lens

v is the distance of the image (screen) from the convex lens

f is the focal length of the convex lens

1. Distant Object Method:

Fix the given convex lens vertically on the stand and place it on the table near an open window of the laboratory. Locate a distant object (tree or building) through the open window. Place the screen behind the convex lens. Adjust the position of the convex lens and the screen so as to get a sharp, inverted and diminished image. Measure the distance between the screen and the convex lens with the help of the measuring scale. This distance is equal to the approximate focal length of the convex lens (f)

2). uv - Method:

Fix the given convex lens vertically on the stand and place it on the table. Place the wire gauze object on the left side of the convex lens (say at a distance greater than 2f). Measure the distance between the object and the lens (u). Place the screen on the right side of the convex lens and adjust its position to get a sharp, inverted and diminished image. Measure the distance between the screen and the lens (v). Repeat the same procedure, by changing the distance of the object (u) and tabulate your observations.

Observation:

Focal length of the convex lens (By distance object method) is (f) = centimetre

2f = centimetre

Serial Number	Size of the Image	Position of the object	Distance between the object and the lens (u) centimeter	Distance between the screen and the Lens (v) centimeter	Focal length of convex lens f = uv ÷ (u + v) in centimeter
1	Diminished	u > 2f
2	Diminished	u > 2f
3	Same Size	u=2f
4	Magnified	u < 2f
5	Magnified	u < 2f

Result:

The focal length of the given convex lens

1. By distance object method f = centimetre

2. By 'uv' method f = centimetre

3. DETERMINATION OF RESISTIVITY

Objective:

To determine the resistivity of the material of the given coil of wire.

Equipment required:

A coil of wire, screw gauge, a metre scale, battery, key, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat and connecting Wires.

Formula:

ρ = (A ÷ L) × R in ohm meter

The resistivity of the material of the coil of wire is

Where A is the area of cross section of the wire (m²)

L is the length of the coil of wire (meter)

R is the resistance of the coil of wire (ohm)

Circuit Diagram:

[Circuit diagram would be shown here]

Procedure:

Connect the battery, ammeter, given wire, rheostat and key in series, as shown in the circuit diagram. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the unknown resistor. Close the key and hence the circuit is closed. Adjust the rheostat such that the ammeter reads a current of 0.5 ampere. Note down the potential difference across the resistor as shown by the voltmeter. Adjust the rheostat and change the current in steps of 0.5A (that is 0.5A, 1.0A, 1.5A, etc.). For each current, note down the corresponding potential difference as shown by the voltmeter. Tabulate the observations. Measure the diameter of the wire using a screw gauge. Measure the length of the coil using metre scale

Observations:

(1) To find the resistance:

Serial Number	Ammeter reading-I (Ampere)	Voltmeter reading-V (Volt)	Resistance = V ÷ I (Ohm)
1
2
3
Mean:

(ii) To find the diameter of the wire using screw gauge:

Serial Number	Pitch Scale reading-PSR (millimetre)	Head scale coincidence -HSC	Head scale reading- HSR=HSC×LC (millimetre)	Total reading = PSR + HSR (millimetre)
1
2
3
Mean Diameter:

Calculations:

Radius of the wire, r = diameter ÷ 2 in meter

Area of cross section of the wire, A = π × radius² in meter square

Length of the wire L in meter

Resistivity of the material of the wire = ρ = (A ÷ L) × R in ohm meter

Result:

The resistivity of the material of the wire = ohm meter

CHEMISTRY

4). IDENTIFY THE DISSOLUTION OF THE GIVEN SALT WHETHER IT IS EXOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC.

Aim:

To test the dissolution of given salt is exothermic or endothermic

Principle:

If the reaction or process liberates the heat, then it is called exothermic. If the reaction or process absorbs the heat, then it is called endothermic

Apparatus required:

Two beakers, Thermometer, stirrer, weighed amount of two samples.

Procedure:

Take 50ml of water in two beakers and label them as A and B. Note the temperature of the water from beaker A and B. Then, add 5gram of sample A into the beaker A and stir well until it dissolves completely. Record final temperature of the solution. Now, repeat the same for the sample B. Record the observation.

Observation:

Serial Number	Sample	Temperature before addition of sample (°C)	Temperature after addition of sample (°C)	Inference (temperature increases or decreases)
1	A
2	B

Result:

From the inferences made

The dissolution of sample A is . (Exothermic or endothermic)

The dissolution of sample B is . (Exothermic or endothermic)

Note: Sodium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, glucose, calcium oxide etcetera. may be given as the sample.

5. TESTING THE SOLUBILITY OF THE SALT

Aim:

To test the solubility of the given salt based on the saturation and un saturation of the solution at a given temperature.

Principle:

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature is called saturated solution. If the solvent can dissolve more solute than what is present, the solution is called unsaturated solution.

Materials Required:

A 250 ml beaker, a Stirrer, sufficient quantity of distilled water, 100 ml measuring jar, table salt in three packets weighing as 25gram, 11 gram, and 1 gram.

Procedure:

In a 250ml beaker ,pour 100 ml water using measuring jar. To this water add table salt (25 gram) from first packet. stir the content very well. Add the next packet containing 11-gram salt followed by constant stirring Now add the third packet containing 1 gram salt Record your observations.

Observation:

Serial number	Amount of salt added	Observation [Salt dissolved or un dissolved]	Inference [unsaturated or Saturated or super saturated]
1
2
3

Result:

From the above observation, it is inferred that the amount of salt required for saturation is gram

6. TESTING THE WATER OF HYDRATION OF SALT

Aim:

To check whether the given sample of salt possesses 'Water of Hydration' or not. To verify the presence of water molecules in the given hydrated salt

Principle:

Water of crystallization or water of hydration is the phenomenon shown by certain salts in which water molecules are present inside the crystals are responsible for their colour and geometry. Example Crystalline copper sulphate CuSO4 5H2O

Materials Required:

A pinch of crystalline copper sulphate in a test tube, tongs, spirit lamp.

Procedure:

A pinch of crystalline copper sulphate taken in a test tube and heated for some time Water droplets are seen on the inner walls of the test tube. This shows that the given salt contains water of crystallization. If the above observation is not noticed for the given salt, the water of hydration is absent.

Result:

In the given sample of salt, Water of crystallization or hydration is

7). TEST THE GIVEN SAMPLE FOR THE PRESENCE OF ACID OR BASE

Aim:

To identify the presence of an acid or a base in a given sample.

Materials Required:

Test tubes, test tube stand, glass rod, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, sodium carbonate salt and the given sample.

Principle:

In acid medium, Phenolphthalein is colourless Methyl orange is pink in colour Sodium carbonate gives brisk effervescence.

In Base medium, Phenolphthalein is pink in colour Methyl orange is yellow in colour Sodium carbonate does not give brisk effervescence.

Procedure:

Serial number	Experiment	Observation (Colour change)	Inference (Acid or Base)
1	Take 5ml of the test solution in a test tube and add a few drops of Phenolphthalein in it.	a) No change in colour. b) Solution Turns pink in colour	a) Presence of acid b) Presence of base
2	Take 5ml of the test solution in a test tube and add a few drops of Methyl orange in it.	a) Solution Turns pink in colour b) Solution Turns yellow in colour	a) Presence of acid b) Presence of base
3	Take 5ml of the test solution in a test tube and add a pinch of sodium carbonate salt.	a) Brisk effervescence occurs. b) No brisk effervescence.	a) Presence of acid b) Presence of base

Result:

The given test solution contains (acid or base).

BIO-BOTANY

PHOTOSYNTHESIS-TEST TUBE AND FUNNEL EXPERIMENT (DEMONSTRATION)

Aim:

To prove that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.

Materials required:

Test tube, funnel, beaker, pond water and Hydrilla plant.

Procedure:

Take a few twigs of Hydrilla plant in a beaker containing pond water. Place an inverted funnel over the plant. Invert a test tube filled with water over the stem of the funnel. Keep the apparatus in the sunlight for few hours.

Observation:

After one hour, it is noted that water gets displaced down from the test tube.

Inference:

During photosynthesis, oxygen is evolved as a by-product. Gas bubbles liberated from the Hydrilla plant reach the top of the test tube and it displaces the water downwards. Take the test tube and keep the burning stick near the mouth of the test tube. Increased flame will appear. Hence, it is proved that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.

9. PARTS OF A FLOWER

Aim:

To dissect and display the parts of the given flower and observe the Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium. Draw labelled sketches.

Materials Required:

Flower, needle and paper

Procedure:

With the help of the needle dissect the different whorls of the flower

Floral Parts:

Accessory Organ- Calyx, Corolla

Reproductive Organ - Androecium - Male part of the flower, Gynoecium - Female part of the flower

Observation:

Draw and label the parts of the flower.

10). MENDEL'S MONOHYBRID CROSS

Aim:

To study the monohybrid cross by using model or picture or photograph. To find out the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio in pea plant using checkerboard

Note: Depict parental generation and the gametes using colour chalk pieces

Definition:

Cross involving one pair of contrasting characters is called monohybrid cross.

Procedure:

Pure breeding tall plant is crossed with pure breeding dwarf plant. All the F1 hybrid plants were tall (Tt) Selfing the F1 hybrid plants resulted in tall and dwarf plants in F2 generation.

Result:

Phenotypic ratio = Tall - 3 : Dwarf - 1

Genotypic ratio = Pure Tall - 1 : Hybrid Tall - 2 : Pure Dwarf – 1

11. OBSERVATION OF TRANSVERSE SECTION OF DICOT STEM AND DICOT ROOT

Aim:

To observe transverse section (T.S) of Dicot Stem or Dicot Root from permanent slides.

Observation:

A. The given slide is identified as T.S of Dicot Stem

Reasons

• Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
• Con joint, collateral, end arch and open vascular bundle.
• Ground tissued differentiated into cortex, endodermis, pericycle and pith.
• 3 to 6 layers of collenchyma's tissues present in hypodermis.

Observation:

B. The given slide is identified as TS of Dicot Root

Reasons

• Vascular bundle is radial
• Xylem is exarch and Tetrarch
• Casparian strips and passage cells are present in endodermis
• Cortex is made up of parenchymatous cells

BIO-ZOOLOGY

12. OBSERVATION OF MODELS-HUMAN HEART AND HUMAN BRAIN

Identification of longitudinal section (L S) of the human heart.

Aim:

To observe and draw a labelled sketch of L.S of human heart and describe the structure.

Materials Required:

Model showing the LS of human heart

Observation:

The given model is identified as LS. of human heart The human heart has four chambers. It is made up of two auricles and two ventricles The auricles are separated by interauricular septum and ventricles are separated by interventricular septum. It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Tricuspid valve - It is located between the right auricle and the right ventricle Bicuspid valve - It is located between the left auricle and the left ventricle The heart is covered by a protective double walled membrane called pericardium The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body.

Identification of LS of the human brain.

Aim:

To observe and draw a labelled sketch of LS of human brain and comment on it

Materials Required:

Model showing the L.S of human brain

Identification:

The given model is identified as LS of human brain The brain is enclosed in the cranial cavity It is the controlling centre of all the body activities. It is covered by three connective tissue membrane or meninges: Durometer Arachnoid membrane and Piamater The human brain is divided into three parts namely forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

13. IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD CELLS

Aim:

Identification of blood cells (Red blood cells and white blood cells). To draw a neat labelled diagram and write a note on the blood cells identified.

Materials Required:

Permanent prepared slides of blood cells.

Identification:

The given slide is identified as Red blood cells They are biconcave and disc shaped. They are also known as erythrocytes Mature mammalian RBC's do not have nucleus. Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment which gives red colour. It transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon- dioxide from tissues to lungs

The given slide is identified as White blood cells WBCs are colourless and they have nucleus. They are also known as Leucocytes They show amoeboid movements. They fight against germs and other foreign bodies and thus protect the body from microbial infections and diseases. There are five different types of WBC namely Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes

14. IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Aim:

To identify the endocrine gland, its location, hormone secreted and functions - Thyroid gland and Pancreas

Materials Required:

1 Endocrine glands – (a) Thyroid gland (b) Pancreas – Islets of Langerhans

2 Any one endocrine gland should be flag labelled. For the purpose of flag labelling a model or a chart or photograph showing all endocrine glands should be used. (Mark the endocrine glands mentioned for the practical)

Identification:

Identify the flag labelled endocrine gland, write its location, the hormones secreted and its functions.

(a) Thyroid gland

Identification:

The flag labelled endocrine gland is identified as Thyroid gland

Location:

Thyroid gland is a bilobed gland located in the neck region on either side of the trachea.

Hormones secreted:

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Functions of Hormones:

Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate (BMR). It increases the body temperature. It regulates metabolism It is required for normal growth and development It is also known as personality hormone. Deficiency of thyroxine results in simple goitre, myxoedema (in adults) and cretinism (in children). Excess secretion causes Grave's diseases.

(b) Pancreas – Islets of Langerhans

Identification:

The flag labelled endocrine gland is identified as Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas.

Location:

Islets of Langerhans are seen embedded in the pancreas which is located in the abdominal region.

Hormones secreted:

α cells secrete glucagon β cells secrete insulin

Functions of Hormones:

Insulin converts glucose into glycogen and stores it in liver and muscles. Glucagon converts glycogen into glucose. Insulin and glucagon maintain the blood sugar level (80 – 120 mg/dl) by their antagonistic function. Decrease in insulin secretion causes diabetes mellitus.

GLOSSARY

Aqueous நீர்க்கரைசல் Average Atomic mass சராசரி அணுநிறை Artificial transmutation செயற்கை மாற்றுத் தனிமமாக்கல் முறை Anemia இரத்த சோகை Addiction அடிமையாதல் Apical dominance நுனி ஆதிக்கம் Abscission உதிர்தல் Analogous organs செயல் ஒத்த உறுப்புகள் Atom Bomb அணுகுண்டு Alternating current மாறுதிசை மின்னோட்டம் Audible sound செவியுணர் ஒலி Apparent change தோற்ற மாறுதல் Carcinogens புற்று நோய்க்காரணி Cerebrospinal fluid மூளை தண்டு வட திரவம் Crop தீனிப்பை Controlled chain reaction கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட தொடர்வினை Ductility கம்பியாக நீட்டுதல் Deliquescent substance நீர் ஈர்த்து கரையும் பொருள் Dwarfism குள்ளத் தன்மை Dormancy தூங்கு நிலை அல்லது ஓய்வு நிலை Dihybrid cross இரு பண்பு கலப்பு Diastema பல் இடைவெளி Diaphragm உதரவிதானம் Dispersion நிறப்பிரிகை Ethnobotany தாவர தொடர்பியல் Earthing புவியிணைப்பு Electric potential மின்னழுத்தம் Equilibrant எதிர் சமனி Functional group வினைச் செயல் தொகுதி Froth floatation நுரை மிதப்பு முறை Fossils புதை உயிர் படிமம் Goitre முன்கழுத்துக் கழலை Gigantism அசுரத்தன்மை Green Revolution பசுமை புரட்சி Genetic Engineering மரபுப் பொறியியல் Genotype மரபு வகை Geotropism புவிஈர்ப்பு சார்பு Hard soap வன் சோப்பு Hygroscopic substance நீர் ஈர்க்கும் பொருள் Homozygous ஒத்த கருநிலை Homologous organs அமைப்பு ஒத்த உறுப்புகள் Hermaphrodite இருபால் உயிரி Heterodont மாறுபட்ட பல்லமைப்பு Hydrogen bomb ஹைட்ரஜன் குண்டு Hyper meteropia தூரப்பார்வை Impulsive உந்து விசை Infrasonic sound குற்றொலி Mass percentage நிறை சதவீதம் Medulla oblongata முகுளம் Mutation சடுதி மாற்றம் Molds பூசணங்கள் Menarche பருவமடைதல் Myopia கிட்டப்பார்வை Non- conventional energy resource மரபு சாரா ஆற்றல் வளங்கள் Non- Aqueous நீரிலி கரைசல் அல்லது நீரற்ற கரைசல் Neurotransmitters நரம்புணர்வு கடத்திகள் Natural radioactivity இயற்கை கதிரியக்கம் Nuclear fusion அணுக்கரு இணைவு Nuclear fission அணுக்கரு பிளவு Nuclear reactor அணுக்கரு உலை Oncology புற்றுநோயியல் Pacemaker இதய இயக்கம் சீராக்கி Phagocytic நோயணுஉண்ணி / செல்விழுங்கி Parthenocarpic fruits கருவுறாக் கனிகள் Plastids கணிகங்கள் Plant breeding தாவர பயிர்ப் பெருக்கம் Polyploidy பன்மயம் Parturition குழந்தைப் பிறப்பு Placenta தாய் சேய் இணைப்புத் திசு Redox reaction ஆக்சிஜனேற்ற ஒடுக்க வினை Relative molecular mass ஒப்பு மூலக்கூறு நிறை Renewable energy புதுப்பிக்கத் தக்க வளம் Rehabititation centre மறுவாழ்வு மையம் Response துலங்கல் Reflex action அனிச்சைச் செயல் Respiratory Quotient சுவாச ஈவு Radioactivity கதிரியக்கம் Refraction ஒளி விலகல் Resolving power பிரிதிறன் Resistivity மின்தடை எண் Rarefactions நெகிழ்வுகள் Soft soap மென் சோப்பு Saturated solution தெவிட்டிய கரைசல் Super saturated solution அதிதெவிட்டிய கரைசல் Solubility கரைதிறன் Septum தடுப்புச் சுவர் Social forestry சமுதாயக் காடுகள் Stomata இலைத்துளை Stem cell மூலச் செல் Suckers ஒட்டு உறிஞ்சிகள் Segments கண்டங்கள் Sanguirorous இரத்த உறிஞ்சிகள் Softy measures பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கைகள் Stellar energy விண்வெளி ஆற்றல் Spectrum நிறமாலை Scattering ஒளிச்சிதறல் Short circuit குறுக்குத் தடச்சுற்று Un saturated solution தெவிட்டாதகரைசல் Uncontrolled Chain Reaction கட்டுப்பாடற்ற தொடர்வினை Umbilical cord தொப்புள் கொடி Uterus கருப்பை Ultrasonic sound மீயொலி Vapour density ஆவி அடர்த்தி Vestigial organs எச்ச உறுப்புகள் Wobble தள்ளாட்டம் Zygote கருவுற்ற முட்டை

Notes

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📝 Summary

1. A file is the output from any application, while a folder is a storage space that contains multiple files, similar to how individual books (files) are stored on a bookshelf (folder).
2. Files and folders can be created by right-clicking the mouse to access popup menus, and different applications like Notepad for notes and Paint for pictures can be used to create various types of files.
3. Visual communication devices use pictures, audio-visuals, drawings, and animations to explain concepts more effectively than traditional teaching methods, with cinema being a prime example.
4. Scratch is a visual programming language developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab that makes creating animations, cartoons, and games easier and more fun to learn.
5. The Scratch environment consists of three main parts: Stage (the background), Sprite (characters like the default cat), and Script editor or costume editor (where programs and sprite pictures are edited).