Human Organ Systems
Class 6 | Science — Biology | Unit 6
Class 6 Unit 6 Science
Unit 6. Human Organ Systems
Learning Objectives
To understand the structure and function of organs and organ systems of human body
To gain knowledge of various human body systems and their coordination
To understand the importance of the life processes such as Digestion, Absorption, Respiration, Excretion
Organ systems are formed by the association of organs which are organized from tissues. This kind of organization helps the organism to perform various activities more efficiently. A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function is known as an organ system.
The Human body has eight major organ systems. They are:
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Excretory System
In this lesson, let us study more about the structure and function of these organ systems of our body.
6.1 Skeletal System
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages and joints. Bones provide a frame work for the body. Bones along with muscles help in movements such as walking, running, chewing and dancing etc.
The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones and few cartilages, ligaments and tendons. Ligaments help in connecting bone to bone. Tendons connect bone to muscle.
The two major divisions of the skeletal system are Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.
Axial skeleton forms the upright axis of the body which includes:
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Rib cage
Appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs along with their pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Activity 1
Sit absolutely still. Observe the movements taking place in your body. You must be blinking your eyes time to time. Observe the movements in your body as you breathe. Write down the movements in your note book.
We are able to move a few parts of our body easily in various directions and some, only in one direction. Why we are not able to move some parts at all directions?
Skull
The skull is made up of cranial bones and facial bones. It protects the brain and the structures of the face. The hyoid bone present at the base of the buccal cavity and the auditory ossicles (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) are also included in the skull. Lower jaw bone is the largest and strongest bone in the human face.
Vertebral Column
Vertebral column extends from the base of the skull. It protects the spinal cord. It is formed by a number of serially arranged small bones called vertebrae (singular. vertebra)
Rib cage
The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of curved, flat rib bones. It protects the delicate vital organs such as heart and lungs.
Limbs
Man has two pairs of limbs namely upper limbs (fore limbs) and lower limbs (hind limbs). Fore limbs are used for holding, writing etc., while hind limbs are used for walking, sitting etc.
Girdles
The fore limbs and hind limbs are attached to the axial skeleton with the help of pectoral and pelvic girdle respectively.
Activity 2 To show that we can bend or move our body only at those points where the bones meet
Materials required: A wooden scale and string.
Method: Ask your friend to tie a wooden scale and your arm together. So that the elbow is at the centre. Even if you try hard, you cannot bend your elbow.
Conclusion: A single bone cannot bend. The different bones joined together at the elbow, help the elbow to bend.
Do You Know?
1. The smallest bone in our body is present inside the ear. It is called Stapes. It is only 2.8 millimeters long (average length). The longest bone in the body is the thigh bone. (Femur)
2. A new born baby has more than 300 bones. As the baby grow, some bones are joined together, hence the skeleton of an adult has 206 bones.
6.2 Muscular System
In the body, muscular system along with the skeletal and nervous system, is responsible for the body movements. Muscles can contract and therefore, help in moving other parts of the body. It maintains the posture and body position.
There are three types of muscles namely:
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle
Activity 3
Move your lower arm up and down gently. Feel the contraction and relaxation of your biceps and triceps muscles. The muscles present in the upper arm help in the contraction of front biceps muscles (become short and thick), and also relaxation of rear triceps muscles (become long and thin). You can feel the muscles on top that go stiff. When the arm is moved downwards, the front muscles relax and the rear muscles contract.
How do muscles work?
Muscles of the body can only pull and they cannot push. Two muscles are required to move a bone at a joint. When one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes. For example, to move the lower arm up and down two type of muscles called biceps and triceps are required. When we raise our lower hand, the biceps in front become short by contraction and the triceps at the back stretch to pull up the arm. When we lower our arm, the triceps at the back contract and biceps stretch to pull the arm down.
Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles of our body are attached to the bones. They are called Voluntary muscles because they can be controlled by our will. Example: Muscles of arm.
Smooth muscles
Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries and other internal organs. They are called 'Involuntary muscles' because they are not controlled by our will.
Cardiac muscles
The walls of the heart is made up of cardiac muscles. They are capable of rhythmic, contraction continuously and involuntary in nature.
6.3 Digestive System
Digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and associated glands. This system is involved in the conversion of complex food substances into simple forms and absorption of digested food. The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal are salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. They secrete enzymes which help in the process of digestion of food in the digestive tract or alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is about 9 meters long. Stomach is a major organ for digestion of food materials. Absorption of digested food occurs in the small intestine.
Parts of Alimentary canal
1. Mouth
2. Buccal cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Oesophagus or Food pipe
5. Stomach
6. Small Intestine
7. Large Intestine
8. Anus
Associated glands for digestion
1. Salivary glands
2. Gastric glands
3. Liver
4. Pancreas
5. Intestinal glands
Functions of Digestive Organs
Mouth: Starts mechanical and chemical digestion of food with the help of teeth, tongue and saliva
Liver: Blood carrying nutrients from the small intestine passes through the liver, which filters it and breaks down and synthesizes proteins, converts glucose into glycogen, and also produces bile
Small intestine: A long tube about six meters in which most of chemical digestion occurs nutrients are absorbed from here into the bloodstream
Salivary glands: Produces saliva, which helps to lubricate food for easier swallowing, contains antibacterial agents and the enzyme salivary amylase, which breaks down starch
Stomach: Stores, mixes, and digests food with the gastric juice it produces, which consists of mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid
Large intestine: Absorbs water from the food that have not been digested in the small intestine, also absorbs some important vitamins that are produced by the large number of bacteria it harbours
6.4 Respiratory System
Respiratory system is involved in exchange of respiratory gases and there by helps us to breathe. The human respiratory system consists of nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It helps in the movement of air in and out of the body. Exchange of oxygen and carbon di oxide occurs between air in the lung and blood. The entry of food into the wind pipe is prevented by a flap like structure called Epiglottis.
Lungs
Lungs are the main respiratory organ. They are located within the chest cavity. The trachea, commonly called windpipe, is a tube supported by cartilaginous rings that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. The trachea divides into right and left bronchi and enter into the lungs. They divide further and ends in small air sacs called alveoli. The lungs are covered by a double layered pleura. Diffusion of gases (oxygen and carbon di oxide) occurs across the alveolar membrane.
Functions of Respiratory Parts
Nasal cavities: The temperature and humidity of the air we breath is adjusted in these cavities
Lung: Where gas exchange occurs
Bronchus: carry air to and from your lungs
Diaphragm: that helps you inhale and exhale (breathe in and out)
When we inhale, where does the air go
Nostrils → Nasal cavity → pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchus → Bronchiole → Alveolus
Exchange of gases by the respiratory system involves three different processes such as:
1. External Respiration: Intake of oxygen from the air and releasing of carbon di oxide from the lungs occurs through nostrils.
2. Internal Respiration: Taking in of oxygen and giving out carbon di oxide. The circulatory system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from all parts of the body. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells (RBC) transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. Cellular Respiration: Cells take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Activity 5 To prove that exhaled air is rich in carbon-di-oxide
Materials required: Two glass jars with lime water and a straw
Procedure: Leave the first jar with lime water undisturbed, blow air in to the second jar with the help of a straw
Observation: Lime water turns milky in few seconds in the second jar. The carbon-di-oxide gas alone can change the lime water into milky white.
Conclusion: Carbon-di-oxide is present in the air that we exhale.
Do You Know?
Each lung has about 300 million air sacs or alveoli. Yawning helps us to take in more amount of Oxygen and to give out carbon di oxide.
6.5 Circulatory system
The circulatory system is one of the important system consisting of heart, blood vessels and blood. It transports respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones and waste materials within the body. It protects the body from harmful pathogens and also regulates the body temperature.
Heart
Heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs. The heart is four chambered and is surrounded by a double layered membrane called pericardium. The heart pumps blood continuously throughout our life time.
Blood vessels
Three types of blood vessels are present in the body. They are arteries, veins and capillaries. They form a closed network through which the blood is circulated.
Blood
Blood is a fluid connective tissue of red colour containing plasma and blood cells. There are three types of blood cells namely, Red blood corpuscles (RBC), White Blood corpuscles (WBC) and Blood Platelets. RBCs are produced in the bone marrow.
Functions of Circulatory Parts
Superior vena cava
Aorta: delivers nutrients and hormones
Heart: pumps blood to the body
Capillaries: are very narrow tubes not shown in this diagram, they connect the ends of all arteries to veins; they deliver and pick up gases, nutrients, and waste products
Pulmonary artery: carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary vein: carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Arteries: shown in red they carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body; all arteries (except the pulmonary arteries) carry oxygenated, red blood
Veins: shown in blue, they carry blood from all parts of the body back to the heart; all veins (except the pulmonary veins) carry blood that is depleted of oxygen and therefore bluish in colour
Activity 6
Place the middle and index fingers of your right hand on the inner side of your left wrist. Can you feel a throbbing movement? Why do you feel the throbbing?
This throbbing is called the pulse and it is due to the blood flowing in the arteries. Count the number of pulses in one minute. How many pulse beats could you count in one minute?
The number of beats per minute is called the Pulse rate. A resting person usually has a pulse rate between 72 to 80 beats per minute. Find other places in your body where you can feel the pulse. Record your own pulse beats and your classmates as beats per minute; Compare the values.
Donate Blood
Hospitals have blood banks where blood can be temporarily stored before it is given to the patients in need. Every healthy person over 18 years of age can donate blood. So that, it can be given to persons in need during emergencies of accidents or operations. Blood donation saves their life.
6.6 Nervous System
Nervous system is well developed in human and is composed of neurons or nerve cells. This system includes brain, spinal cord, sensory organs and nerves. The two important functions of the nervous system along with the endocrine system are conduction and coordination.
Functions of Nervous System Parts
Brain: Is the part of the central nervous system that regulates and controls activities throughout the body, the site of consciousness and memory
Spinal cord: Is a bundle of nerves extending from the brain stem through the backbone; conducts signals to and from the brain
Intercostal nerves, Radial nerve, Femoral nerve
Peripheral nerves: Are the network of nerves and ganglion that carry signals to and from the central nervous system
Brain
The brain is a complex organ which is placed inside the cranium. It is protected by a three-layered tissue covering called meninges. Brain has three regions namely fore brain, mid brain and hind brain. It is the controlling centre of the body.
Spinal cord
It is the extension of medulla oblongata of the hind brain and is enclosed within the vertebral column. Spinal cord connects the brain to different part of the body through nerves.
The Functions of the Nervous System
1. Sensory Input: The conduction of signals from sensory receptors.
2. Integration: The interpretation of the sensory signals and the formulation of responses.
3. Motor output: The conduction of signals from the brain and spinal cord to effectors, such as muscle and gland cells.
Do You Know?
Brain is said to store as many as 100 million bits of information in a life time.
6.7 Sense organs
Sense organs are like the windows to the outside world. There are five sense organs in our body such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. They make us aware of our surroundings. We are able to see, hear, smell, taste and feel, only through sense organs.
Eyes
Eyes help us to see things around us i.e., their colour, shape, size whether they are near or far, moving or at rest. The eyelids and eyelashes keep the eyes safe. The eye has three main parts namely cornea, iris and pupil.
Ears
Ears help to hear and differentiate sounds around us. The ears also help us in maintaining the balance of the body when we are walking, running or climbing. The ear has three major parts, the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear in human beings is made up of an external flap called pinna.
Skin
Skin is the largest sense organ as it covers the whole body. The skin helps to feel the things around us by touching, that is whether they are hot or cold, smooth or rough, dry or wet, hard or soft. Skin covers the body and protects it from germs. It also keeps the body moist and regulates the body temperature.
Functions of the skin
1. Skin forms an effective barrier against infection by microbes and pathogens.
2. Skin helps us to synthesize vitamin D using sunlight.
Take Care of Your Sense organs
Do not read in very bright or very dim light and also in moving vehicle. Avoid exposing eyes to screens of television, computer, laptop and cell phone for a long time. Do not rub your eyes harshly. Wash your eyes gently with clean water, two or three times a day.
Ears should be protected from hard blows. One should never try to prick ears with toothpicks or hairpins, which are dangerous practices because it may puncture the ear drum and cause ear infection.
One should bath at least once a day to keep skin clean and fresh.
6.8 Endocrine System
Endocrine system regulates various functions of the body and maintains the internal environment. Endocrine glands are present in the body, produce chemical substances called hormones.
| Gland | Location |
|---|
| Pituitary gland | At the base of brain |
| Pineal Gland | At the base of brain |
| Thyroid Gland | Neck |
| Thymus Gland | Chest |
| Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) | Abdomen |
| Adrenal Gland | Above the kidney |
| Gonads | Pelvic cavity |
6.9 Excretory system
The nitrogenous wastes are removed from the body excretory system. It is composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary, bladder, and urethra
Kidneys
These are bean shaped structures present in the abdominal cavity. The functional units of the kidney are called Nephrons which filter the blood and form the urine.
Do You Know?
Why do we drink water?
Our body contains about 70% water. Some parts have more water like the grey matter of the brain (about 85%) and some less, like fat cell (about 15%). We normally consume 1.5 to 3.5 liters of water every day in the form of food and water.
Functions of Excretory System Parts
Renal artery: Brings blood containing oxygen and urea from the aorta to the kidneys
Renal vein: Brings filtered blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava
Ureter: Carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Kidneys: (Just inside the back ribs) regulate the chemical composition of fluids in the body
Urinary bladder: An expandable, muscluar sac that retains urine until it is discharged from the body
Urethra: The tube through which urine is discharged from the body, it is surrounded by muscles that allow us to control urination
Points to Remember
• The skeletal system gives shape to the body and protects the soft internal organs.
• There are three types of muscles – skeletal muscle (voluntary), smooth muscle (involuntary) and cardiac muscle.
• Circulatory system constitutes the heart, blood vessels and blood.
• Diaphragm – A large flat muscle forming the floor at the chest cavity.
• Digestion is the process of breaking complex food into simple and soluble substances.
• Brain is protected by the skull. It has three parts – cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
• The sense organs are Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue and Skin.
ICT Corner - Human Organ systems
Through this activity you will be able to understand the organ system of the human body.
Step 1: Use the given URL in the browser. The human body systems page will open. Select any human organ system from the list given to explore.
Step 2: In the activity window the selected organ system will appear, you can zoom it by scrolling the mouse wheel or by clicking the + icon given.
Step 3: The multiple layers of the organ system can be increased or decreased by scroll over the "Layers" button given.
Step 4: You can view a particular organ of a system by zooming over or by selecting the organ from the list given in the description below the activity window.
URL: https://www.healthline.com/health/human-body-maps
*Pictures are indicative only
Evaluation
Exercise I. Choose the appropriate answer
1. Circulatory system transports these throughout the body
a. Oxygen b. Nutrient c. Hormones d. All of these
2. Main organ of respiration in human body is
a. Stomach b. Spleen c. Heart d. Lungs
3. Breakdown of food into smaller molecules in our body is known as
a. Muscle contraction b. Respiration c. Digestion d. Excretion Exercise II. Fill in the blanks
1. A group of organs together make up an system
2. The part of the skeleton that protects the brain is
3. The process by which the body removes waste is
4. The is the largest sense organ in our body
5. The endocrine glands produce chemical substances called
Exercise III. True or False. If False, give the correct statement 1. Blood is produced in the bone marrow. 2. All the waste products of the body are excreted through the circulatory system. 3. The other name of food pipe is alimentary canal. 4. Thin tube-like structures which are the component of circulatory system are called blood vessels. 5. The brain, the spinal cord and nerves form the nervous system. Exercise IV. Match the following
| 1. Ear | |
| 2. Skeletal System | |
| 3. Diaphragm | |
| 4. Heart | |
| 5. Lungs | |
Options: Cardiac muscle, Flat muscle, Sound, Air sacs, Protection of internal organs
Exercise V. Arrange in Correct sequence 1. Stomach, Large intestine, Oesophagus, Pharynx, Mouth, Small Intestine, Rectum, Anus 2. Urethra, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Kidney Exercise VI. Analogy
1. Arteries is Carry blood from the heart : is carry blood to the heart.
2. Lungs is Respiratory system : is Circulatory system.
3. Enzymes is Digestive glands : is Endocrine glands
Exercise VII. Give very short answer
1. Describe about skeletal system.
2. Write the functions of epiglottis.
3. What are the three types of blood vessels?
4. Define the term "Trachea".
5. Write any two functions of digestive system.
6. Name the important parts of the eye.
7. Name the five important sense organs.
Exercise VIII. Give short answer
1. Write a short note on rib cage.
2. List out the functions of the human skeleton.
3. Differentiate between the voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles.
Exercise IX. Answer in detail
1. List out the functions of Endocrine system and Nervous system.
2. Label the diagram given below to show the four main parts of the urinary system and answer the following questions.
A. Which organ removes extra salts and water from the blood?
B. Where is the urine stored?
C. What is the tube through which urine is excreted out of the body?
D. What are the tubes that transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder called?
Exercise X. Questions based on Higher Order Thinking Skills
1. What will happen if the diaphragm shows no movement?
2. Why is the heart divided into two halves by a thick muscular wall?
3. Why do we sweat more in summer?
4. Why do we hiccup and cough sometimes when we swallow food?
Unit 7. Parts of Computer
Learning Outcomes
To know the Input unit, CPU and the Output unit.
To understand the memory unit.
To differentiate the input and output devices.
To link the connections in Computer.
Is it easy to connect our sprawling planet to a point? If it is easy, then how would it be possible? The answer to these questions in today's world is the Computer. In this Modern World computer eases the effort and speeds up the processes to a great extent. Now-a-days the usage of computer plays an important part in every walk of life. So, it is apt time to learn about computers.
To start, it is necessary to note that there are three key units in the computer. Understanding of this three units will make us to operate a computer in ease. In this section, let us learn what are the three units? What are the functions of each of these units.
7.1 Parts of a Computer
Input Unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Output Unit
Input Unit
The input unit helps to send the data and commands for the processing. The devices that are used to input data are called input devices. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Barcode reader, Microphone-Mic., Web camera, Light Pen are some of the input devices.
Keyboard
Keyboard and mouse are the important input units. Keyboard plays an important role in a computer as a input device. Numbers and alphabet plays a role of Data in computer. Keyboard helps to enter data. Keyboard has two types of keys, namely number keys and alphabet keys. The keys with numbers are called number keys and key with letters are called alphabet keys.
Mouse
Mouse is an essential part of the computer. Mouse has two buttons and a scroll ball in the middle. The mouse is used to move the pointer on a computer screen. Right button is used to select files and to open the folder. Left button is used to carryout corrections in the file. The page on the monitor can be moved up and down using the scroll ball.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU is the brain of the Computer. The data is processed in the CPU. The CPU has namely three parts.
1. Memory Unit
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
3. Control Unit
Control Unit
The control unit controls the functions of all parts of the computer.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Arithmetic and Logic unit performs all arithmetic computations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Memory Unit
The memory unit in the computer saves all data and information temporarily. We can classify memory unit into two types namely primary and secondary memory. Memory can be expanded externally with the help of Compact Disk (CD), Pendrive, etc.
Output Unit
The output unit converts, command received by the computer in the form of binary signals into easily understandable characters. Monitor, Printer, Speaker, scanner are some of the output devices. Of the various output devices, monitor is the important output device because it is link to the computer. Monitor screen looks like TV screen. The input data in the form of Alphabets, Numbers, Pictures or Cartoons and Videos it will be displayed on a monitor.
There are two types of monitor namely,
1. Cathode Ray Tube Monitors (CRT)
2. Thin Film Transistor Monitors (TFT)
Now a days computer system has TFT monitor as they occupy less space and emit less heat than CRT monitors.
7.1.2 Memory Units
The data is measured in units which is called as Bit. A Bit has a single binary value either 0 or 1.
Do You Know?
A DVD is capable of storing 6 times more data than a CD
Classification of Computer
The computers can be classified as follows based on their design, shape, speed, efficiency, working of the memory unit and their applications.
• Mainframe Computer
• Mini Computer
• Micro or Personal Computer
• Super Computer
Personal computer and its types
Personal computer comes under the microcomputer. Based on the memory and efficiency in PC they can be classified as
1. Desktop
2. Laptop
3. Tablet
7.1.3 Connecting the Computer
You must have seen tube light and fan working by connection through electric wire. Likewise various parts of the computer are linked through connecting cables. We call computer as system as it is connected with one another. Do you know how these parts are connected? There are many cables used to connect these parts. These cables are called as connecting cables. These cables are found in different sizes. Each cable has its own specific use. Let us see the different types of cables and its uses.
Types of Cables
• Video Graphics Array (VGA)
• High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Data cable
• Power Cord
• Mic cable
• Ethernet cable
Cable Functions
1. VGA cable: It is used to connect the computer monitor with the CPU.
2. USB cable or cord: Devices like Printer, Pendrive, Scanner, Mouse, Keyboard, web camera, and Mobile phone devices are connected with the computer using USB cord or cable.
3. HDMI cable: HDMI cable transmits high quality and high bandwidth streams of audio and video. It connects monitor, projector with the computer.
4. Data cable: Data cable transmits data and it is used to connect tablet, mobile phones to the CPU for data transfer.
5. Audio jack: The audio jack is used to connect the speaker to the computer.
6. Power cord: Power cord temporarily connects an appliance to the main electricity supply.
7. Mic cable: To connect the Mic to the CPU, Mic wire or cord is used.
8. Ethernet: Ethernet cable helps to establish internet connectivity.
7.1.4 Wireless Connections
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi are used to connect to internet without using any connecting cables or devices.
Wireless Technologies
1. Bluetooth: Mouse, Keyboard can be connected to the computer using the Bluetooth. Using the Bluetooth the data can be shared with nearby devices
2. Wi-Fi: Net connectivity can be obtained using the Wi-Fi without any connecting cables. Any data from anywhere can be shared using Wi-Fi.
Evaluation
Exercise I. Choose the correct answer
1. Which one of the following is an output device?
a. Mouse b. Keyboard c. Speaker d. Pendrive
2. Name the cable that connects CPU to the Monitor
a. Ethernet b. Power Cord c. HDMI d. USB
3. Which one of the following is an input device?
a. Speaker b. Keyboard c. Monitor d. Printer
4. Which one of the following is an example for wireless connections
a. Wi-Fi b. Electric wires c. VGA d. USB
5. Pen drive is device.
a. Output b. Input c. Storage d. Connecting cable Exercise II. Match the following
| 1. VGA | |
| 2. Bluetooth | |
| 3. Printer | |
| 4. Keyboard | |
| 5. HDMI | |
Options: Input device, Connecting cable, HDMI, Wireless connection, Output device
Exercise III. Give short answer
1. Name the parts of a computer.
2. Bring out any two differences between input and output devices.
Activity Computer Assembly
Look at the magic of connecting cables to desktop computer with 4, 3, 2, 1 formula, start from 4 proceed till 1. Now your computer is ready to use).
By connecting the various parts of a computer we can assemble a computer. For the construction activity, students have to use 4-3-2-1 formula. A system consist of mouse, key board, monitor, CPU, power cables, and connecting cables
Students has to connect the four parts of a computer in row 4, using the cables in row 3, through the power cables in row 2 to construct a system. Using the 4-3-2-1 formula we can connect the parts of the computer
| 4. Parts | Mouse, Key board, Monitor, CPU |
|---|
| 3. Connection cables | VGA, USB (connecting cable) for Keyboard, USB (connecting cable)for Mouse |
|---|
| 2. Power cords | USB (connecting cable)for CPU, USB (connecting cable) for Monitor |
|---|
| 1. Working system | A complete computer |
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Glossary
Atmosphere வளிமண்டலம் Arithmetic Logic Unit கணிதத்தருக்கச் செயலகம் Audio jack ஒலி இணைப்பான் Battery மின் கல அடுக்கு Basic Unit அடிப்படை அலகு Barcode Reader பட்டை குறியீடு படிப்பான் Bluetooth ஊடலை Combustion எரிதல் Contraction சுருங்குதல் Cortical Expansion பரும விரிவு Cracking விரிசல் Cell மின்கலன் Chemical energy வேதி ஆற்றல் Conductors மின் கடத்திகள் Composition இயைபு Compressed air அழுத்தப்பட்ட காற்று Chloroplast பசுங்கணிகம் Chlorophyll பச்சையம் Compound microscope கூட்டு நுண்ணோக்கி Cell organelles செல் உறுப்புகள் Circulatory system இரத்த ஓட்ட மண்டலம் Control Unit கட்டுப்பாட்டகம் Compact Disk குறுவட்டு Cord or cable கம்பி Digestive system செரிமான மண்டலம் Data cable தரவுக்கம்பி Electrical energy மின் ஆற்றல் Electrical circuit மின் சுற்று Eukaryotic cell உண்மையான உட்கரு உடைய செல் Excretory system கழிவு நீக்க மண்டலம் Endocrine system நாளமில்லா சுரப்பி மண்டலம் Friction உராய்வு Fuel எரிபொருள் Flame சுடர் Freezing உறைதல் Flagella கசை இழை Food production உணவு உற்பத்தி Heat வெப்பம் Heat transfer வெப்பம் கடத்தல் Insulators மின்கடத்தா பொருள் Inflammable எளிதில் எரியக்கூடிய Input unit உள்ளீட்டகம் Kinetic energy இயக்க ஆற்றல் Linear Expansion நீள் விரிவு Leucoplast வெண்கணிகம் Light Pen ஒளிப்பேனா Laptop மடிக்கணினி Molecules மூலக்கூறுகள் Mountaineer மலையேறுபவர் Muscular system தசை மண்டலம் Microphone ஒலிவாங்கி Memory Unit நினைவகம் Monitor திரையகம் Main frame Computer பெருமுகக்கணினி Mini Computer குறுமுகக்கணினி Micro computer நுண்கணினி Nerve cell நரம்புச் செல் Nucleus உட்கரு Nervous system நரம்பு மண்டலம் Output unit வெளியீட்டகம் Poor conductor அரிதிற் கடத்தி Photosynthesis ஒளிச்சேர்க்கை Pyrex glass பைரக்ஸ் கண்ணாடி Primary cell முதன்மை மின்கலன் Plasma membrane பிளாஸ்மா சவ்வு Prokaryotic cells உட்கரு முதலில் தோன்றிய செல் Parallel circuit இணை மின் சுற்று Plotter வரைவி Pen drive விரலி Projector ஒளிவீழ்த்தி Rusting of iron இரும்பு துருப்பிடித்தல் Respiration சுவாசம் Respiratory system சுவாச மண்டலம் Secondary cell துணை மின்கலன் Series circuit தொடர் மின்சுற்று Solvent கரைப்பான் Solute கரைபொருள் Sublimation பதங்கமாதல் Skeletal system எலும்பு மண்டலம் Sense organs உணர்வு உறுப்புகள் Speaker ஒலிப்பெருக்கி Super Computer மீக்கணினி Scanner வருடி Temperature வெப்பநிலை Thermometer வெப்பநிலைமானி Thermal Equilibrium வெப்பச் சமநிலை Thermal Expansion வெப்ப விரிவு Vapourization ஆவியாதல் Vacuoles குமிழ்கள் Wind Mills காற்றாலைகள் Wi Fi அருகலை
📝 Summary
- The human body has eight major organ systems including Skeletal, Muscular, Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Nervous, Endocrine, and Excretory systems that work together to perform various life functions efficiently.
- The skeletal system consists of 206 bones in adults, along with cartilages and joints, divided into Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and Appendicular skeleton (limbs with pectoral and pelvic girdles).
- Bones provide framework for the body and enable movement when working with muscles, with ligaments connecting bone to bone and tendons connecting bone to muscle.
- The skull protects the brain and facial structures, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects vital organs like the heart and lungs.
- The muscular system works with skeletal and nervous systems to enable body movements through muscle contraction, maintaining posture and body position.