Asia And Europe
Class 6 | Social Science — Geography | Unit 1
Class 6 Unit 1 Geography
Unit 1 Asia and Europe
Learning Objectives
To understand the location, extent and political divisions of the continents of Asia and Europe
To know about the physical features and drainage of these two continents.
To understand the climate and natural vegetation of these continents.
To discuss the economic activities and resources.
To appraise the cultural mosaic of both the continents.
To gain the skill of locating the given places on the map.
Students: Good morning, Teacher.
Teacher: Good morning, students! Did you celebrate the English New Year well?
Students: Yes madam.
Teacher: Ok. English is the native of which country?
Students: Britain.
Teacher: Good. Do you know which continent is it located in?
Students: Europe.
Teacher: Very good. Which is our home continent?
Students: Asia.
Teacher: Exactly. In the first term, you have learnt about how many continents are in the world and their names. In this lesson, we are going to learn in detail about Asia and Europe. Let us explore these two continents.
This lesson discusses the location, boundaries, physical and political divisions of Asia and Europe. The major rivers, climate and natural vegetation are highlighted in this lesson. It also explains about how economic activities are determined by the resources. The cultural mosaics of Asia and Europe are great eye openers for learners in terms of European and Asian cultures.
PART A. ASIA
Asia is the largest and the most populous continent in the world. It covers about 30 percent of the world's land area and about 60 percent of the world's population. Most of the land of Asia lies in the northern hemisphere. It has different types of physical and cultural features. Lofty mountains, plateaus, plains, islands and peninsulas are the major physiographic features of Asia. Many perennial rivers flow through different parts of Asia. These river valleys are the cradles of ancient civilizations (Indus valley, Mesopotamian and Chinese civilizations). Let us know more about our home continent.
Location and Area
Asia extends from 10°11'South to 81°12'North latitudes and from 26°2'East to 169°40'West longitudes. It spreads for an area of 44 million square kilometres.
Boundaries
Asia is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, Pacific Ocean in the east, Indian Ocean in the south and the Ural Mountains, Caucasus Mountains, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea and Black Sea in the west. The Suez Canal separates Asia from Africa. The narrow Bering Strait separates Asia from North America.
Political Divisions
There are forty eight countries in Asia. The countries are grouped into several realms based on landscape and political status such as 1) East Asia, 2) Southeast Asia, 3) South Asia, 4) Southwest and 5) Central Asia.
Physiographic Divisions
Asia is the land of long mountain ranges, snow capped high mountains, vast plateaus, extensive plains, river valleys and sea coasts. These diverse physical features encourage the people of this continent to
Fact:
There are 12 landlocked countries in Asia. Among these, only one is doubly landlocked which means it is surrounded entirely by other landlocked countries. Find out the doubly landlocked country.
Involve in diverse economic activities. The physiography of Asia can be divided into five major groups. They are 1. The Northern lowlands 2. The Central High Mountains 3. The Southern Plateaus 4. The Great Plains and 5. The Island Groups
1. The Northern Lowlands
The most extensive lowland in Asia is the Siberian plain. It extends from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Verkhoyansk Range in the east.
2. The Central Highlands
The central highlands stretches from Turkey to the Bering Strait. There are two knots found in Asia. They are 1. The Pamir Knot 2. The Armenian Knot.
'Knot' refers to the convergence of mountain ranges
The Hindukush range, the Sulaiman range, the Himalayan range and the Tian Shan range radiate from the Pami Knot The Hindukush range continues westward as the Elburz, whereas the Sulaiman range continues south west as the Zagros range. The Elburz and the Zagros converge at the Armenian knot. The Taurus and the Pontine ranges radiate from the Armenian knot.
The other important mountain ranges are the great Khingan, the Altai, the Verkoyansk and the Arakan yoma. The Himalayan mountain range is the highest mountain range in the world. Mount. Everest (8848 meters) is not only the highest peak in Asia but also in the world. The lowest point in the world is located in the Dead Sea in Asia. Intermontane plateaus are found in these mountain ranges. The important plateaus are 1. The plateau of Anatolia (Pontine to Taurus) 2. The plateau of Iran (Elburz to Zagros Mount) 3. The plateau of Tibet (Kunlun to Himalayas)
Do You Know?
Tibet is called the 'Roof of the world' and it is also known as the third pole because of its cold weather, largest reserve of freshwater and inhospitable environment.
Higher Order Thinking:
The Khyber Pass is located in the Sulaiman range, the Bolan Pass is located in Toba Kakar range. What is the importance of these two passes?
3. The Southern Plateaus
The southern plateaus are relatively lower than the northern plateaus. The four important southern plateaus are the Arabian Plateau (Saudi Arabia), Deccan (India), Shan Plateau (Myanmar) and the Yunnan Plateau (China). Among these plateaus, the Arabian Plateau is the largest Plateau.
4. The Great Plains
The great plains are formed by the major rivers of Asia. They are the West Siberian plain (Ob and Yenisey), Manchurian Plain (Amur), Great Plain of China (Yangtze and Sikiang), Indo-Gangetic Plain (Indus and Ganga), Mesopotamian plain (Tigris and Euphrates) and the Irrawaddy plain (Irrawaddy).
5. The Island
Numerous islands are found in the Pacific coast of Southeast Asia. Kuril, Taiwan, Singapore and Borneo are the important island. The Philippines, Japan islands and Indonesia are the major archipelagos in Asia. Smaller archipelagos are also located in the Indian Ocean such as the islands of Maldives and Lakshadweep are in the Arabian Sea. Bahrain is in the Persian Gulf. Sri Lanka is an island, which is located in the Bay of Bengal.
Do You Know?
A group of islands is called an archipelago. The largest archipelago is Indonesia.
Drainage
The rivers of Asia originate mostly from the central highlands. The Ob, Yenisey and Lena are the major rivers that flow towards the north and drain into the Arctic Ocean. These rivers remain frozen during winter. On the other hand, South Asia has many perennial rivers (example Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganga and Irrawaddy) which originate from the snow covered high mountains that do not freeze during winter. The Euphrates and Tigris flow in West Asia. The Amur, Hung Ho, Yangtze and Mekong rivers flow in the south and south eastern parts of Asia. Yangtze is the longest river in Asia
Major Rivers of Asia
| Serial Number | Name of the River | Origin | Outflow | Length in Kilometer |
|---|
| 1 | Yangtze | Tibetan Plateau | East China sea | 6,350 |
| 2 | Hung Ho | Tibetan Plateau | Gulf of Pohai | 5,464 |
| 3 | Mekong | Tibetan Plateau | South China Sea | 4,350 |
| 4 | Yenisey | Tannuala Mountain | Arctic Ocean | 4,090 |
| 5 | Ob | Altai Mountain | Gulf of Ob | 3,650 |
| 6 | Brahmaputra | Himalayas | Bay of Bengal | 2,900 |
| 7 | Indus | Himalayas | Arabian Sea | 3,610 |
| 8 | Amur | Confluence of Shika and Argun rivers | Tatar Strait | 2,824 |
| 9 | Ganges | Himalayas | Bay of Bengal | 2,525 |
| 10 | Irrawaddy | North Myanmar | Bay of Bengal | 2,170 |
Do You Know?
The Three Gorges dam has been constructed across the river Yangtze. It is the largest power station dam in the world. It fulfils ten percent of the power needs of China.
Climate
Asia exhibits a variety of climates. The northern part of Asia experiences severe long winters and short summer. (Winter -37°C and Summer 10°C). Precipitation is in the form of snow (From 250mm to 300mm). The north eastern part of Asia experiences cold winter and warm summer and a moderate rainfall of 50mm to 250mm. The south, south east and eastern parts of Asia are strongly influenced by monsoon winds. Summer is hot and humid while winter is cool and dry. The summer monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall to India, Bangladesh, Indo-China, Philippines and Southern China (From 1500mm to 2500mm). In India, Mawsynram (11871mm) receives the highest rainfall. So, this place is called the wettest place in the world. The areas found in and around the equator have uniform climate throughout the year. There is no winter. The average temperature is 27°C and the mean rainfall is 1270mm.
Higher Order Thinking:
There is no winter in the equatorial region. Why?
The west and central parts of Asia have hot, dry climates. The temperature is very high during the day and very low during the night. Rainfall varies from 25mm to 200mm. The West coastal fringe of Asia (along the Mediterranean Sea) receives rainfall in winter and is warm in summer. Deserts are found along the western part of Asia. The major hot deserts are the Arabian (Saudi Arabia) and Thar (India and Pakistan) deserts. The cold deserts of Asia are Gobi and Taklamakan. The largest desert in Asia is the Arabian Desert.
Natural Vegetation
Natural vegetation depends upon rainfall, temperature and soil. As Asia stretches from the equator to poles, all types of vegetation are found here. Some rare species are found in Asia. Such as Orang-Utan, Komodo Dragon, Giant panda. The Asian flora and fauna are listed below:
| Serial Number | Climate | Location | Flora | Fauna |
|---|
| 1 | High Temperature, High rainfall | Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Srilanka | Evergreen trees Mahogany, Rubber, Rosewood, Sal | Rhinoceros, Tiger, Babirusa, Orangutan, Komodo Dragon |
| 2 | Rainy summer, Dry Winter | India, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Southern China | Deciduous trees Teak, Sandalwood, Bamboo | Tiger, Elephant, Indian Cobra, viper |
| 3 | Extreme Climate | Arabian desert, North, North West India | Cactus, Dates (Oasis), Thorny shrubs, Babul tree | Bactrian Camel, The Sand grouse, desert oryx |
| 4 | Dry winter, Warm Summer | East China, Japan, North and South Korea | Cherry, Apricot, Plum | Giant Panda, Japanese macaque |
| 5 | Warm Summer and rainy winter | Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria | Figs, Olives, Citrus fruits | Lynx, Jackrabbit |
| 6 | Long and dry winter, short and cool summer | Siberia, Himalayas | Coniferous trees Pine, Fir, Spruce | Siberian Tiger, Brown bear, Wolf |
| 7 | Permanent snow cover | Beyond the snow Line | Lichen, mosses Grass | Polar bear, Lemming, Reindeer, Arctic fox |
Fact:
Desert: A Desert is a large area that gets very low rainfall and very few plants and animals. There are two types of deserts found in Asia, Hot and cold deserts.
Do You Know?
Rub-Al Khali desert is the largest, continuous sandy desert in the world. It is found in the southeastern part of Saudi Arabia.
Resource Base and Economic Activities of Asia
Mineral Resources
Asia has a variety of mineral deposits. It holds an important place in the production of Iron, Coal, Manganese, Bauxite, Zinc, Tungsten, Petroleum, Tin etc. Oil and Natural Gas found in the west Asian countries. One third of the world's oil is produced in Asia. Among the west Asian countries, Iran has a considerable wealth of mineral resources. The important minerals found in Asia are:
Iron Ore: Asia has the largest deposits of iron ore in the world. China and India are the important iron ore deposit countries of Asia. Turkey, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar etc. are a few other countries that have iron ore deposits.
Coal: Coal is a fossil fuel. Asia has the largest deposits of coal in the world. China and India are the largest producers of coal in Asia.
Petroleum: Petroleum is a mineral oil. The largest petroleum reserves are found in South West Asia. The important petroleum producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates. South China, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, India, Russia are the other important petroleum producing countries in Asia.
Bauxite is found in India and Indonesia. India is the largest producer of Mica in the world. Tin is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Agriculture
Only about 18 percent of the total area is cultivable in Asia. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people here. The river valleys in the South, South East and East Asia have rich alluvial soil. Agriculture is intensively practised in the riverine plains of Asia. However, some areas are not suitable for agricultural practices. India has the largest area of arable lands in Asia. Most of the west Asian countries cultivate their crops where the groundwater level is nearer to the surface. Iraq practices agricultural activities based on the availability of rainfall and supply of water from Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
Rice and Wheat are the staple food crops in Asia. China and India are the leading producers of rice in the world. Other important rice producing countries are Myanmar, Japan, Bangladesh and Thailand. Monsoon Asia is suitable for rice cultivation because of the abundant rainfall, fertile plains and availability of labour. Thailand is called the Rice bowl of Southeast Asia.
Do You Know?
Banaue rice terrace: The Banaue rice terraces were built 2000 year ago by the Ifugaos people in the Philippines. It is located approximately 1524 Meter above sea level.
Wheat is grown in the temperate regions of Asia. Russia, India, China and Pakistan are the leading producers of wheat in Asia. Millets like Bajra, Jower, Ragi and Sorgham are grown in the drier parts of Asia. These are widely cultivated in India, Pakistan and a few gulf countries. Apart from these, pulses, spices and oil seeds are also cultivated in various parts of Asia.
Jute and cotton are the important natural fibres cultivated in Asia. One third of the world's cotton is produced by Asia. The major cotton producing countries are India, China, Russia and Kazakhstan. India, Pakistan, China and Bangladesh are the leading producers of jute.
The tropical wet and dry climate is suitable for sugarcane cultivation in Asia. India, Indonesia and the Philippines are the major producers of sugarcane. Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Palm trees and Cocoa are the important plantation crops. India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia are important producers of plantation crops. Malaysia and Thailand are the leading producers of natural rubber. Dates are produced in west Asia, among the countries Iran is the largest producer of dates in the world.
Fishing
Fishing is an important economic activity in Asia. It is prevalent in open seas as well as inland water bodies. China and Japan are the leading fishing nations. In Cambodia, TonleSap lake is one of the world's richest sources of freshwater fishing. Bay of Bengal is the major fishing ground for India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Fishing is the mainstay of the national economy in Maldives. Pearl fishing (Bahrain) is popular in the eastern coast of Arabia.
Industrial Regions
In China, Manchurian, Shanghai Wuhan, Peking Shenyang, Guangdone Hong Kong regions are the major industrial regions. In Japan, the major regions are Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka-Kyoto regions. In India, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Bengaluru and Chottanagpur are the important industrial regions.
Transport
Transport is the backbone of the economic development of a region. Many Asian countries are developing their transport network for their economic progress. Roadways are the most common mode of transport in Asia.
Roadways
The Asian Highway connects Tokyo in the east to Turkey in the west, Russia in the north to Indonesia in the south and the total length of the road is 1,41,000 kilo meter. It passes through 32 countries. The Asian Highway 1 (Asian Highway 1) is the longest highway among the Asian Highway Network (20,557 kilo meter) It connects Tokyo to Turkey. The Asian Highway 43 (Asian Highway 43) runs from Agra in India to Matara in Sri Lanka (3,024 kilometer).
Railways
The Trans - Siberian Railways (9258 kilo meters) is the longest rail route in the world. It is a transcontinental railway line which connects Leningrad and Vladivostok. The Trans Asian Railway links Singapore and Istanbul in Turkey. The Shinkansen bullet train is the world famous super express train that runs between Osaka and Tokyo in Japan at a speed of 352 km/h. The Indian railway network is the second largest railway network in Asia.
Waterways
The Cape of Good Hope route connects Europe to South Asia. The Trans Pacific route connects the ports of eastern Asia to the ports of western American countries. The Suez Canal route passes through the heart of the world trade route and connects Europe with South and Southeast Asia. Tokyo, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Chennai, Mumbai, Karachi and Dubai are the important seaports in Asia.
CULTURAL MOSAIC OF ASIA
Population
Asia is the most populated continent in the world. Approximately six-tenth of the world's population lives in Asia. The population is unevenly distributed because of various physical features. China and India alone cover three fifths of Asia's population. Apart from these two countries, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan and Philippines have more than 100 million populations. The population density in Asia is 143 persons per square Kilometres. India, Japan, Bangladesh and Singapore have high population density. River plains and industrial regions have high density of population, whereas low density is found in the interior parts of Asia.
Higher Order Thinking:
Few countries in Asia have high populations. Give reasons.
Do You Know?
ANGKORWAT: It is a world heritage site. It was built by king Suriya Varma 2 in 1100 AD (Common Era) at Cambodia. 'AngkorWat' means 'the city of temples' in Khmer language. It is the largest Hindu Temple in the world.
Religion & Language:
Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism Christianity and Sikhism are the major creeds in Asia. The minor creeds Zoroastrianism, Jainism, Shintoism, Confucianism and Taoism are also practised in Asia. Mandarin, English, Indonesian, Japanese, Arabic, Korea, Vietnamese and Hindi are the most widely spoken languages in Asia.
Art and Architecture:
Asia is the homeland of three civilizations. (Mesopotamian, Indus valley and Chinese civilizations). These three contributed to the architectural works at an early stage. Among the seven wonders of the world, two are located in Asia (The Taj Mahal in India, The Great wall of China). The people of Yemen built a mud skyscraper thousands of years ago. AngkorWat in Cambodia, Buddhist Temple in East and Southeast Asia, Mosques in west Asia and the temples and forts in India are five examples of Asian architecture.
Food:
Rice, Wheat, Maize and Barley are the staple food in Asia. Dairy products, fruits and nuts are also consumed. In East Asia, bread and noodles are the staple food where rice is not available. Tea, Coffee and green tea are the chief beverages. In West Asia, meat, herbs and olive oil are the prime ingredients in their food.
Dance and Music:
In Asia, Yangee, Dragon Dance, Kabaki are popular in East Asia, Ram Thai in Thailand, Bhangra, Kathak and Bharathanatyam in India are also important dances in Asia. Sufi music and Arabic classical music are common in west Asia. Tinikling is the national dance of the Philippines.
Festivals:
The mid autumn festival or moon festival in China, Taiwan and Vietnam. Holi and Mahara Sankaranthi or Pongal in major parts of India and Sukkoth in Israel are the important harvest festivals of Asia. The snow sculpture festival, Chinese New Year, Thaipoosam, Diwali, Taiwan Lantern festival, Songkran, winter light festival are also some of the famous festivals in Asia.
Land of contrasts
Asia is the biggest continent. It has different types of land features such as mountain, plateau, plain, valley, bay, island etc. It also has different climatic conditions from the equator to polar region. Apart from this, many races, languages, religions and cultures are followed by people who live in Asia. So, Asia is called 'the land of contrasts'.
Part-B Europe
Europe is the sixth largest continent in size and the third largest in population in the world. It has diverse landforms and people. It is the birthplace of western civilizations (Roman and Greek), democracy and Industrial Revolution. It is the most developed continent in the world. Let us explore the continent.
Location and area
Europe spreads from 34° 51'North latitude to 81° 47'North latitude and from 24° 33'West longitude to 69° 03'East longitude. The Prime Meridian 0° longitude passes through Greenwich in England. Europe is found in the northern hemisphere and it covers an area of 10.5 million square kilometres. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the North, the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Ural mountains in the east. So it looks like a giant peninsula.
Higher Order Thinking:
Europe is called the 'Peninsula of Peninsulas', Justify.
Do You Know?
European Union: The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member countries for their welfare. It has its own flag and the common currency, the Euro (€).
Fact:
The Netherlands: About 25 percent of the Netherlands lies below sea level. So they have built dikes. They have reclaimed new land from the sea with the help of dikes. These reclaimed lands are called polders.
Physical Divisions
Europe has diversified physical features such as mountains, plains, plateaus, peninsulas, bays, islands and river basins. It can be divided into four physical divisions. 1. The North Western Highlands 2. The Central Plateaus or High land 3. The Alpine Mountain system 4. The North European plains
1. The North Western highlands
This region includes the mountains and plateaus of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Scotland and Iceland. This region has the most beautiful fjord coast. It was created by glaciations in the past. This region has a lot of lakes, which serve as reservoirs for producing hydroelectricity. Norway and Sweden are the largest producers of hydroelectricity in the world.
Fact:
Fjord: A fjord is a narrow and deep sea inlet between steep cliffs.
1. It reduces the speed of wind, irrespective of its direction.
2. The force of sea waves are also controlled. Hence, areas with fjords are best suited for natural harbours.
2. The Central Plateaus
The plateaus are found in east-west direction across central Europe. Many rivers in Europe such as the Danube, the Volga and the Tagus originate from this plateau. The important plateaus of this region are The Pennines (England), The Meseta (Spain), The Central Massif and Jura (France). The Blackforest (Germany) in this region has rich mineral resources. The Pennines is called the backbone of England.
Do You Know?
Blackforest: The lush and dark coloured fir and pine trees give black colour to this region.
3. The Alpine Mountain System:
The alpine mountain system consists of a chain of young fold mountains found in the southern part of Europe. The important mountain ranges are the Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinaric Alps, the Caucasus and the Carpathian. The Pyrenees form a natural boundary between Spain and France. The highest peak in Europe is Mount. Elburz (5645 meters) in the Caucasus range. The Mont Blanc (4,807 meter) found in the Alps is the second highest peak in the Alpine System. There are several active volcanoes found in the Alpin mountain system. Mount. Etna, Mount. Vesuvius and Mount. Stromboli are the important volcanoes found in Europe. Earthquakes are common in this region. The Stromboli is called the 'light house of the Mediterranean'.
Do You Know?
The Matterhorn: The pyramid-shaped Matterhorn Mountain is located in the Swiss Alps at a height of 4478 meters. It is popular for its shape.
4. The North European plain
The north European plain stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural mountains in the east. On the north, it is surrounded by the Baltic Sea and on the South by the alpine mountain. It is narrow in the West and wide towards the East. Major European rivers such as the Seine, the Rhine, the Danube and the Don criss-cross this region and deposit their alluvium. The Andalusian Plain, The Hungarian Plain and the Wallachian. Plains are also found in this region. It has rich deposits of coal and iron ore. The north European plain is a densely populated region and cities like Paris, Moscow and Berlin are located here.
Drainage
The rivers play an important role in the development of Europe. These rivers are used to irrigate farmland and also help to produce electricity. The Important Rivers in Europe are given in the table below
| Serial Number | Rivers | Length in Kilometer | Source | Outflow |
|---|
| 1 | Volga | 3,692 | Valdes Plateau | Caspian Sea |
| 2 | Danube | 2,860 | Black Forest | Black Sea |
| 3 | Dnieper | 2,145 | Valdai Hills | Black Sea |
| 4 | Rhine | 1,230 | Alps (Switzerland) | North Sea |
| 5 | Rhone | 813 | Swiss Alps | Mediterranean Sea |
| 6 | Po | 652 | Cottian Alps | Adriatic Sea |
| 7 | Thames | 346 | Kemble | North Sea |
Most of the rivers originate in the Alps and the central plateau of Europe. These rivers are useful for inland navigation in central and Eastern Europe. The Volga is the longest river in Europe. The river Danube passes through Ten countries in Europe.
Higher Order Thinking:
Why are European rivers suitable for inland navigation?
Climate
The climate of Europe varies from the subtropical to the polar climate. The Mediterranean climate of the south has warm summers and rainy winters. The western and north western parts have a mild, generally humid climate, influenced by the North Atlantic Drift. In central and eastern Europe, the climate is humid continental-type. In the northeast, subarctic and tundra climates are found. The whole of Europe is subject to the moderating influence of prevailing westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean.
Do You Know?
Climate Divider: The Alps mountain separates the Mediterranean climate from the cold climate of the north.
Fact:
North Atlantic Drift: It is a warm ocean current which brings warmth to the western Europe. The westerly wind further transports warmth across Europe.
Natural Vegetation
The natural vegetation of Europe can be classified as follows: 1. Tundra 2. Taiga or Coniferous 3. Mixed Forest 4. Mediterranean Forest 5. Grassland
The Arctic and northern Scandinavian highlands have a Tundra type of vegetation made up of lichens and mosses. Coniferous Forest Coniferous or Taiga vegetations are found to the south of the Tundra region in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Poland and Austria. Pine, fir, spruce and larch are the important tree varieties of taiga forest. The mixed forest comprising of birch, beech, poplar, oak and maple trees found in the western part of Europe particularly in western France, Belgium, Denmark, Britain etc. Mediterranean trees like cypress, cork, oak, olive and cedar are found along the borders of the Mediterranean Sea. Eastern Europe is covered by grasslands (Steppe).
Resources Base and Economic Activities of Europe
Availability of resources, efficient educated work force, research, contact with other nations and innovations have transformed Europe into a modern and economically developed continent in the world. Europe is an industrially developed continent in the world. It has great diversity in its topography, climate and soil. These interact to produce varied patterns of agricultural activities such as Mediterranean agriculture, Dairy farming, mixed livestock and crop farming and horticulture (Truck Farming)
Wheat is the dominant crop throughout Europe. Barley, Oats, sugar beet, rye, potatoes and hay are also common crops. Corn (maize) is an important crop in the lower Danubian lowlands and southwestern European Russia, France and Italy. Rice (northern Italy) and citrus fruits, olive trees (Spain, Sicily) depend on irrigation. Olive tree
The northernmost countries grow few cereals (mainly oats) and concentrate on animal husbandry, especially cattle and dairying. Mixed farming and the use of well tried crop rotations are widely practised. Viticulture is mostly practised in Italy, France and Germany. As for industrial crops, European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus are large producers of flax and hemp, sugar beets and sunflower seeds. Tobacco is grown in Belarus and is also important in Bulgaria, Italy, and Macedonian Greece.
European Russia, Sweden and Finland are the major producers of softwood and hardwood. Fishing is a large industry in Norway, Iceland, Russia, Denmark, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands etc., The Dogger Bank in the North Sea is an important fishing ground in Europe.
Industries
Europe produces a significant portion of the world's steel and iron ore. Shipbuilding, motor-vehicle and aircraft construction are widely distributed all over Europe. Europe is also a large producer of pharmaceutical drugs. A wide range of small-scale industries (That is those that produce non-durable goods) are found throughout Europe. Some countries have a reputation for specialty goods, as in the case of English, Italian, and Dutch bicycles, Swedish and Finnish glass, Parisian perfumes and fashion goods and Swiss precision instruments.
Cultural Mosaic of Europe
Europe is the third most populous continent, after Asia and Africa. The population of Europe was 742 million in 2018, which accounted for 9.73 Percent of the world's population. The population density in Europe is 34 persons per kilometre square. High population density is often associated with the coalfields of Europe. Other populous areas are sustained by mining, manufacturing, commerce, offering a large market, labour forces and productive agriculture. Monaco, Malta, San Marino, and the Netherlands are the most densely populated countries; Iceland and Norway have very low density of population. In general, population is scanty in the mountain regions, some highlands, arid parts of Spain and the Arctic regions of Russia. Monaco has the highest density of population in Europe (26,105 persons per square kilometre) as well as in the world. Iceland has a very low density of population (3 persons per kilometre square).
Religion & Language
Europe is a continent of great linguistic and cultural difference. English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Slavic are the broadly spoken languages in Europe. Christianity is the major religion in Europe. A considerable number of Hindus, Muslims and Jews are spread throughout Europe. More than 90 percent of the people belong to the Caucasoid race.
Art and Architecture
European art and architecture mostly reveals the ordinary human being and is popular all over the world. Acropolis, the Colosseum, the statue of David, The thinker, Eiffel tower, Big Ben, Pisa Tower and Mona Lisa are some of the masterpieces of art and architecture in Europe.
Food and Festivals
Bread, fish, meat, potatoes and dairy products are the staple food in Europe. The Europeans celebrate both religious and holiday festivals. Christmas, Easter, Good Friday, the Saint Day, Redentore, Tomatina and Carnival are the important festivals of Europe. They play Rugby, football, basketball, ice hockey and skiing. Bull fighting in Spain is the world's most attractive game.
A Comparison of Asia and Europe
Asia and Europe are integrated geographically and separated politically. Europe is the giant peninsula of Asia. Both the Himalayas (Asia) and the Alps (Europe) were formed during the same geological period. The Steppe grasslands and coniferous forests are spread over several hundred kilometres from Europe to Asia. Generally, the plains are found in the northern part and the mountains in the southern part in both the continents. The two continents are the homeland of ancient civilizations. From the ancient period, these two continents had trade relationships through the silk route and the spice route. Despite the various geographical similarities, these two continents have striking differences.
| Asia | Europe |
|---|
| 1. Asia is the largest continent, both by area and population. | 1. Europe is the smallest continent by area and the most developed. |
| 2. Asia extends from 10°11'South to 81°12'North latitudes. That is, from the equatorial region to the polar region. | 2. Europe extends from 34°51'North to 81°47'North latitudes. That is, from the subtropical region to the polar region. |
| 3. Asia is located on the eastern hemisphere | 3. Europe is located at the centre of the earth. |
| 4. Asia The Bering Strait separates Asia and North America. | 4. Europe The Strait of Gibraltar separates Europe from Africa. |
| 5. Asia The Arabian, Indo China, India and Korea are the important peninsulas in Asia. | 5. Europe The Scandinavian, Iberian, Italian and Balkan are the important peninsulas in Europe. |
| 6. Asia The important parallels such as the Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic Circle pass through it. | 6. Europe Only the Arctic Circle passes through it. |
| 7. Asia All kinds of climatic conditions are found here. It also enjoys the distinctive monsoon type of climate Southern Asia receives summer rainfall. | 7. Europe lies largely in the temperate zone. It enjoys the distinctive Mediterranean type of climate. Southern Europe receives winter rainfall. |
| 8. Asia Both hot and cold deserts are located here. | 8. Europe There are no deserts here. |
| 9. Asia It has a variety of mineral deposits. | 9. Europe Mineral resources are limited, except for coal and iron. |
| 10. Asia Plantation crops such as tea, rubber and dates are largely cultivated in Asia. | 10. Europe Citrus fruits, olives and grapes are cultivated mostly in Europe. |
| 11. Asia A majority of people in Asia are involved in primary activities. | 11. Europe A majority of people in Europe are involved in secondary and tertiary activities. |
Recap
Asia is the largest and the most populous continent in the world. It is divided into five physical divisions. From the equator to the poles, all types of climate are found in Asia. The treeless polar region to dense equatorial forest are found in Asia. Iron ore, coal, petroleum, Bauxite, mica, tin, zinc etc. are the chief minerals found in Asia. Rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute, cotton, tea, coffee and dates are the important crops. Asia is the birthplace of all religions. Europe is the sixth largest continent. It is divided into four physical divisions. The European rivers play a Vital role to the country's economy. Europe experiences a cool temperate climate. Mixed farming is the most widely practised type of agriculture in Europe. Coal and Iron ore are chief minerals found in Europe. Christianity is the major religion in Europe.
Glossary
Beverage (n) a drink other than water Perennial (adj) Continuing throughout the entire year Monsoon wind (n) the seasonal wind of the Indian ocean Tundra (n) A vast, flat, treeless Arctic Riverine (adj) Situated beside a river Staple food (n) food that makes up the dominant part of people's diet Irrigation (n) The artificial application of water to land Husbandry (n) The care, cultivation and breeding of crops and animals Viticulture (n) The cultivation of grapevines Steppes (n) a large area of flat unforested grassland in Siberia. Polder (n) A piece of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea Race (n) a group of people who have similarities in biological traits. Horticulture (n) the art of garden cultivation and management (vegetables, fruits and flowers)
Exercise
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer
1. Which is not the western margin of Asia?
a) Black Sea b) Mediterranean Sea c) Red Sea d) Arabian Sea
2. The Intermontane _______ plateau is found between Elbruz and Zagros.
a) Tibet b) Iran c) Deccan d) The Yunnan
3. Equatorial climate:
1) Uniform throughout the year.
2) The average mean rainfall is 200mm.
3) The average temperature is 10°C
4) Of the statements given above,
a) 1 alone is correct b) 2 and 3 are correct c) 1 and 3 are correct d) 1 and 2 are correct
4. Match list 1 correctly with list 2 and select your answer from the codes given below.
| List 1 | List 2 |
|---|
| A. Malaysia | 1. Figs |
| B. Thailand | 2. Rubber |
| C. Korea | 3. Teak |
| D. Israel | 4. Cherry |
Codes A B C D
a) 2, 3, 4, 1 b) 4, 3, 2, 1 c) 4, 3, 1, 2 d) 2, 3, 1, 4
5. India is the leading producer of _______.
a) Zinc b) Mica c) Manganese d) Coal
6. The natural boundary between Spain and France is _______.
a) The Alps b) The Pyrenees c) The Carpathian d) The Caucasus
7. The western and north-western Europe enjoys mild and humid climate. Choose the correct option:
a) These regions are found near the equator b) It is influenced by the North Atlantic Drift c) It is surrounded by mountains d) All of the above
8. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) Europe produces electricity from hydel power b) All the rivers of Europe originate in the Alps c) Most of the rivers in Europe are used for inland navigation d) The rivers of Europe are perennial in nature
9. Choose the incorrect pair.
a) The Meseta - Spain b) The Jura - France c) The Pennines - Italy d) The Black Forest - Germany
10. Which country in Europe has a very low density of population?
a) Iceland b) The Netherlands c) Poland d) Switzerland Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks.
1. The Taurus and the Pontine ranges radiate from the
2. The wettest place in the world is
3. Iran is the largest producer of in the world.
4. Europe connected with south and south east Asia by sea route.
5. The national dance of the Philippines is
6. The second highest peak in Europe is
7. The type of climate that prevails in the central and eastern parts of Europe is
8. The important fishing ground in the North Sea is
9. The density of population in Europe is
10. The river passes through ten countries of Europe.
Exercise 3. Match the following
| 1. Mesopotamian Plain | |
| 2. Mawsynram | |
| 3. Rice Bowl of Asia | |
| 4. Fjord Coast | |
| 5. Bull Fighting | |
Exercise 4. Let us learn
1. Assertion (A): Italy has dry summers and rainy winters
Reason (R): It is located in the Mediterranean region
a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation for A b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation for A c) A is true, but R is false d) A is false, but R is true
2. Places marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the given map are noted for the following plains.
A. Indo – Gangetic plain
B. Manchurian plain
C. Mesopotamian
D. Great plains of China
Match the plains with the notation on the map and select the correct answer using the codes given below.
| Codes | A | B | C | D |
|---|
| a | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| b | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| c | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| d | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
a b c d
3. In the given outline map of Asia, the shaded areas indicate the cultivation of
a) sugarcane b) Dates c) Rubber d) Jute Exercise 5. Answer in Brief
1. Name the important intermontane plateaus found in Asia.
2. Write a short note on monsoon climate.
3. How does physiography play a vital role in determining the population of Asia?
4. Name the port found in Asia.
5. Asia is called the 'Land of Contrasts'- Justify.
6. Name the important mountains found in the Alpine system.
7. What are the important rivers of Europe?
8. Name a few countries which enjoy the Mediterranean type of climate.
9. Give a short note on the population of Europe.
10. Name the important festivals celebrated in Europe.
Exercise 6. Distinguish
1. Intermontane plateaus and southern plateaus.
2. Cold desert and hot desert
3. Tundra and Taiga.
4. The North western highlands and the Alpine mountain range.
Exercise 7. Give Reasons
1. Asia is the leading producer of rice.
2. Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world.
3. Europe is called 'a giant peninsula'.
4. Although Western Europe is located in the high latitudes, it has a moderate climate.
Exercise 8. Answer in Paragraph
1. Give an account of the drainage system in Asia.
2. Describe the mineral sources found in Asia.
3. What are fjords? How do they protect harbours from bad weather conditions?
4. Describe the climatic divisions of Europe.
Exercise 9. Map Skill
Mark the following in the outline map of Asia and Europe.
Asia: Ural mountain, Himalayas, Pamir knot, Gobi Desert, Arabian Peninsula, Deccan plateau, River Yangtze, River Ob, Aral Sea and Lake Baykal.
Europe: The Pyrenees, Black forest, Apennines, Hungarian Plain, Caucasus Mountain, River Volga, River Danube, Strait of Gibraltar, Lake Ladoga, North Sea
Exercise 10. Activity
1. Complete the following.
I belong to district.
My district is famous for the following:
1. , 2. and 3. .
The boundaries of my districts are in the north, in the east, in the south and in the west.
It spreads for an area of square kilometers.
There are taluks and villages in my district.
are the important mountain or plain or plateaus (If all, mention all) features.
The rivers , , criss – cross my district.
, , are common trees and wildlife such as , , are found here.
are important minerals available in my district.
Based on this , industries are located here.
The major crops are , , . (Coastal districts may write the variety of fish)
The total population is .
We celebrate , , festivals.
2. If you get a chance to settle in Europe, which country would you choose? List out the reasons why?
3. Choose any region in Asia. In the map of Asia, mark its distribution of natural vegetation and wildlife. Paste related pictures.
Reference
1. Douglas L. Johnson, Viola Haarmann, Merril L. Johnson, David L. Clawson (2012), World Regional Geography, A Development Approach, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
2. John Cole, (2010), Geography, of the world's Major Regions, Routledge, London.
3. Majid Husain (2017), Indian and world Geography McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
Web links
1. https://www.whatarethe7continents.com
2. www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com
3. www.worldatlas.com
4. www.internetgeography.net
5. www.worldometers.info
ICT CORNER
Asia and Europe
Through this activity you will know about in their proper location on the map of Asia and Europe.
Steps: Explore map styles
Step 1 Use the URL or scan the QR code to open the activity page.
Step 2 Click the "Search" box and text Asia and Europe.
Step 3 Click the "+" "-" button to zoom in and out.
Step 4 Click the "Full screen" option to appear full screen mode.
Browse in the link Web: http://earth3dmap.com/#?l=asia (or scan the Quick Response Code)
Book-back Exercises — Questions & Answers
Answers generated strictly from the Samacheer Kalvi textbook content. Attempt each question first, then click "Show Answer" to check.
1. Choose the correct answer
1. Which is not the western margin of Asia?
a) Black Sea b) Mediterranean Sea c) Red Sea d) Arabian Sea
Answer: d) Arabian Sea
Explanation: According to the text, Asia is bounded by the Ural Mountains, Caucasus Mountains, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea and Black Sea in the west. Arabian Sea is not mentioned as a western boundary.
2. The Intermontane ___ plateau is found between Elbruz and Zagros.
a) Tibet b) Iran c) Deccan d) The Yunnan
Answer: b) Iran
Explanation: The text states that the plateau of Iran is found between Elburz to Zagros mountains as one of the important intermontane plateaus.
3. Equatorial climate: 1) Uniform throughout the year. 2) The average mean rainfall is 200 mm. 3) The average temperature is 10°C. Of the statements given above,
a) 1 alone is correct b) 2 and 3 are correct c) 1 and 3 are correct d) 1 and 2 are correct
Answer: a) 1 alone is correct
Explanation: According to the text, areas around the equator have uniform climate throughout the year with average temperature of 27°C and mean rainfall of 1270 mm, not 10°C and 200 mm.
4. Match list 1 correctly with list 2 and select your answer from the codes given below.
| List 1 | List 2 |
|---|
| A. Malaysia | 1. Figs |
| B. Thailand | 2. Rubber |
| C. Korea | 3. Teak |
| D. Israel | 4. Cherry |
a) 2, 3, 4, 1 b) 4, 3, 2, 1 c) 4, 3, 1, 2 d) 2, 3, 1, 4
Answer: a) 2, 3, 4, 1
Explanation: From the vegetation table: Malaysia produces rubber, Thailand produces teak, Korea produces cherry, and Israel produces figs.
5. India is the leading producer of ___.
a) Zinc b) Mica c) Manganese d) Coal
Answer: b) Mica
Explanation: The text clearly states that "India is the largest producer of Mica in the world."
6. The natural boundary between Spain and France is ___.
a) The Alps b) The Pyrenees c) The Carpathian d) The Caucasus
Answer: b) The Pyrenees
Explanation: The text states that "The Pyrenees form a natural boundary between Spain and France."
7. The western and north-western Europe enjoys mild and humid climate. Choose the correct option:
a) These regions are found near the equator b) It is influenced by the North Atlantic Drift c) It is surrounded by mountains d) All of the above
Answer: b) It is influenced by the North Atlantic Drift
Explanation: The text mentions that western and northwestern parts have mild, generally humid climate, influenced by the North Atlantic Drift.
8. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) Europe produces electricity from hydel power b) All the rivers of Europe originate in the Alps c) Most of the rivers in Europe are used for inland navigation d) The rivers of Europe are perennial in nature
Answer: b) All the rivers of Europe originate in the Alps
Explanation: The text states that "Most of the rivers originate in the Alps and the central plateau of Europe," not all rivers.
9. Choose the incorrect pair.
a) The Meseta - Spain b) The Jura - France c) The Pennines - Italy d) The Black Forest - Germany
Answer: c) The Pennines - Italy
Explanation: According to the text, The Pennines is located in England, not Italy. The text mentions "The Pennines (England)" as one of the important plateaus.
10. Which country in Europe has a very low density of population?
a) Iceland b) The Netherlands c) Poland d) Switzerland
Answer: a) Iceland
Explanation: The text states that "Iceland and Norway have very low density of population" and specifically mentions "Iceland has a very low density of population (3 persons per kilometre square)."
2. Fill in the blanks
1. The Taurus and the Pontine ranges radiate from the ___.
Answer: Armenian knot
2. The wettest place in the world is ___.
Answer: Mawsynram
3. Iran is the largest producer of ___ in the world.
Answer: dates
4. Europe connected with south and south east Asia by ___ sea route.
Answer: Suez Canal
5. The national dance of the Philippines is ___.
Answer: Tinikling
6. The second highest peak in Europe is ___.
Answer: Mont Blanc
7. The type of climate that prevails in the central and eastern parts of Europe is ___.
Answer: continental type
8. The important fishing ground in the North Sea is ___.
Answer: Dogger Bank
9. The density of population in Europe is ___.
Answer: 34 persons per square kilometer
10. The river ___ passes through ten countries of Europe.
Answer: Danube
3. Match the Following
3. Match the Following
| Column A | Column B |
|---|
| 1. Mesopotamian Plain | Highest Rainfall |
| 2. Mawsynram | Norway |
| 3. Rice Bowl of Asia | Spain |
| 4. Fjord Coast | Euphrates & Tigris |
| 5. Bull Fighting | Thailand |
Answers: 1-Euphrates & Tigris, 2-Highest Rainfall, 3-Thailand, 4-Norway, 5-Spain
4. Let us learn
1. Assertion (A): Italy has dry summers and rainy winters. Reason (R): It is located in the Mediterranean region
a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation for A b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation for A c) A is true, but R is false d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation for A
Explanation: The text states that the Mediterranean climate has warm summers and rainy winters, and Italy is located in the Mediterranean region.
2. Places marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the given map are noted for the following plains. A. Indo-Gangetic plain B. Manchurian plain C. Mesopotamian D. Great plains of China
a) 2 1 4 3 b) 2 1 3 4 c) 1 2 3 4 d) 1 4 3 2
Answer: b) 2 1 3 4
Explanation: Based on the geographical locations mentioned in the text for these major plains of Asia.
3. In the given outline map of Asia, the shaded areas indicate the cultivation of
a) sugarcane b) Dates c) Rubber d) Jute
Answer: b) Dates
Explanation: The text mentions that dates are produced in west Asia, and Iran is the largest producer of dates in the world.
5. Answer in Brief
1. Name the important intermontane plateaus found in Asia.
Answer: The important intermontane plateaus found in Asia are the plateau of Anatolia (Pontine to Taurus), the plateau of Iran (Elburz to Zagros), and the plateau of Tibet (Kunlun to Himalayas).
2. Write a short note on monsoon climate.
Answer: The south, southeast and eastern parts of Asia are strongly influenced by monsoon winds. Summer is hot and humid while winter is cool and dry. The summer monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall from 1500mm to 2500mm to India, Bangladesh, Indo-China, Philippines and Southern China.
3. How does physiography play a vital role in determining the population of Asia?
Answer: The population in Asia is unevenly distributed because of various physical features. River plains and industrial regions have high density of population, whereas low density is found in the interior parts of Asia. Physical features encourage people to involve in diverse economic activities.
4. Name the ports found in Asia.
Answer: The important seaports in Asia are Tokyo, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Chennai, Mumbai, Karachi and Dubai.
5. Asia is called the 'Land of Contrasts' - Justify.
Answer: Asia is called the 'Land of Contrasts' because it has different types of land features like mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, bays and islands. It has different climatic conditions from the equator to polar region. Many races, languages, religions and cultures are followed by people who live in Asia.
6. Name the important mountains found in the Alpine system.
Answer: The important mountain ranges in the Alpine system are the Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinaric Alps, the Caucasus and the Carpathian.
7. What are the important rivers of Europe?
Answer: The important rivers of Europe are Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Rhine, Rhone, Po and Thames. The Volga is the longest river in Europe and the river Danube passes through ten countries in Europe.
8. Name a few countries which enjoy the Mediterranean type of climate.
Answer: Countries that enjoy Mediterranean type of climate include Spain, Italy, southern France, and other countries along the Mediterranean Sea borders. This climate has warm summers and rainy winters.
9. Give a short note on the population of Europe.
Answer: Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa. The population of Europe was 742 million in 2018. The population density is 34 persons per square kilometre. Monaco has the highest density while Iceland has very low density of population.
10. Name the important festivals celebrated in Europe.
Answer: The important festivals celebrated in Europe are Christmas, Easter, Good Friday, the Saint Day, Redentore, Tomatina and Carnival. Europeans celebrate both religious and holiday festivals.
6. Distinguish
1. Intermontane plateaus and southern plateaus.
Answer: Intermontane plateaus are found within mountain ranges, including plateau of Anatolia, Iran and Tibet. Southern plateaus are relatively lower than northern plateaus and include Arabian Plateau, Deccan, Shan Plateau and Yunnan Plateau. Arabian Plateau is the largest among southern plateaus.
2. Cold desert and hot desert
Answer: Hot deserts in Asia include Arabian and Thar deserts found in western parts with very high daytime temperatures and low nighttime temperatures. Cold deserts include Gobi and Taklamakan with severe cold conditions. The Arabian Desert is the largest desert in Asia.
3. Tundra and Taiga.
Answer: Tundra vegetation consists of lichens, mosses and grass found in permanent snow cover regions beyond the snow line. Taiga or coniferous vegetation includes pine, fir and spruce trees found in regions with long dry winter and short cool summer like Siberia and Himalayas.
4. The North western highlands and the Alpine mountain range.
Answer: The Northwestern highlands include mountains and plateaus of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Scotland and Iceland with fjord coasts and many lakes for hydroelectricity. The Alpine mountain system consists of young fold mountains in southern Europe including Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus with active volcanoes.
7. Give Reasons
1. Asia is the leading producer of rice.
Answer: Asia is the leading producer of rice because Monsoon Asia is suitable for rice cultivation due to abundant rainfall, fertile plains and availability of labour. China and India are the leading producers, with other important producers being Myanmar, Japan, Bangladesh and Thailand.
2. Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world.
Answer: Asia is the largest continent covering about 30 percent of the world's land area with an area of 44 million square kilometres. It is the most populous continent with about 60 percent of the world's population, with China and India alone covering three-fifths of Asia's population.
3. Europe is called 'a giant peninsula'.
Answer: Europe is called 'a giant peninsula' because it is surrounded by water bodies on three sides - the Arctic Ocean in the north, Atlantic Ocean in the west, and Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea in the south, with only the eastern side connected to land through Ural mountains.
4. Although Western Europe is located in the high latitudes, it has a moderate climate.
Answer: Western Europe has moderate climate despite high latitudes because it is influenced by the North Atlantic Drift, a warm ocean current that brings warmth to western Europe. The westerly winds further transport this warmth across Europe, making the climate mild and humid.
8. Answer in Paragraph
1. Give an account of the drainage system in Asia.
Answer: The rivers of Asia originate mostly from the central highlands. The Ob, Yenisey and Lena flow towards the north and drain into the Arctic Ocean, remaining frozen during winter. South Asia has perennial rivers like Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganga and Irrawaddy originating from snow-covered high mountains. The Euphrates and Tigris flow in West Asia. The Yangtze is the longest river in Asia at 6,350 km, originating from the Tibetan Plateau. Other major rivers include Hung Ho, Mekong, Amur flowing in south and southeastern parts of Asia.
2. Describe the mineral sources found in Asia.
📝 Summary
- Asia is the largest and most populous continent, covering about 30 percent of the world's land area and about 60 percent of the world's population, with most of its land lying in the northern hemisphere.
- Asia extends from 10°11'South to 81°12'North latitudes and from 26°2'East to 169°40'West longitudes, spreading over an area of 44 million square kilometres.
- The continent is bounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, Pacific Ocean in the east, Indian Ocean in the south, and various mountains and seas in the west, with the Suez Canal separating it from Africa and the Bering Strait separating it from North America.
- Asia contains forty-eight countries grouped into five realms: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, with 12 landlocked countries including one that is doubly landlocked.
- The physiography of Asia is divided into five major groups: The Northern Lowlands (including the extensive Siberian plain), The Central High Mountains, The Southern Plateaus, The Great Plains, and The Island Groups.