Industries
Class 8 | Social Science — Geography | Unit 6
Class 8 Unit 6 Geography
Unit 6 Industries
Learning Objectives
To know about the nature and the importance of Industries.
To understand the general classification of economic activities.
To identify the factors responsible for location of Industries.
To study about the classification of Industries.
Introduction
Anbu and Kabilan were studying in 8th standard like you. One day it was raining while they were playing in the school playground. They started running towards the class room. Kabilan planned to stay under a nearby tree in the rain and called Anbu to accompany him. But he denied saying that lightning might strike the tree. Finally, they reached the class room. They saw an attractive new cotton towel in the class room. They used the towel for wiping their heads. Other students in the class room said to them,'' The towel was brought by the teacher and you made it wet. So, she might shout at you". In order to please the teacher, Kabilan asked the teacher some questions. He said, "Madam this is so cute and colourful. From where did you buy this? How is it made?" The teacher was very happy and started explaining the raw materials used, the way it was manufactured and marketed.
Industry
Industry is a process by which the raw materials are changed into finished products. Many raw materials are not fit for human consumption. Therefore, there is a need for conversion. This transformation of commodities from one form to another form is the essence of manufacturing industry or the secondary group of economic activities. Arrival of Science and Technology helped the man to fabricate raw materials into finished products. The economic strength of a country is always measured by the development of manufacturing industries. Therefore, any country in the world is basically depends on the effective growth of industries for its economic development.
Economic Activity
Any action that involves in the production, distribution, consumption or services is an economic activity.
Basics of Economic Activities
The following are the major and fundamental economic activities.
1.Primary Economic Activities (e.g., Raw cotton production)
2.Secondary Economic Activities (e.g., Spinning mill)
3.Tertiary Economic Activities (e.g., Trade, Transport)
4.Quaternary Activities (e.g., Banking sector)
5.Quinary Activites (e.g., Judicial sector)
1) Primary Economic Activity: These are the economic activities which have been originated in the very beginning. It includes the activities such as, forestry, grazing, hunting, food gathering, fishing, agriculture, mining, and quarrying.
2) Secondary Economic Activity: Secondary activities are those that change raw materials into usable products through processing and manufacturing. Bakeries that make flour into bread and factories that change metals and plastics into vehicles are examples of secondary activities.
3) Tertiary Economic Activity: Tertiary economic activities are those that provide essential services and support the industries to function. Often it is called service industries, this level includes the transportation, finance, utilities, education, retail, housing, medical and other services. We are educated by school. Since, school is doing service, it comes under tertiary activity.
4) Quaternary Economic Activity: Quaternary activities are associated with the creation and transfer of information, including research and training. Often called information industries, this level has been dramatic growth as a result of advancements in technology and electronic display and transmission of information. e.g., we watch television. The programs are telecasted from television stations. It is an example of quaternary activity.
Do You Know?
Services sector is the one of the largest sectors of India. Currently this sector is the backbone of the Indian economy and contributing around 53% of the Indian Gross Domestic Product.
5) Quinary Economic Activity: Quinary economic activities refer to the high level decision making processes by executives in industries, business, education, and government. This sector include top executives or officials in the fields of science and technology, universities, health care etc. In our house, our parents purchase household articles and make decisions by themselves in some situations. Similarly, the council of ministers take decisions to introduce various people welfare schemes in the state. These two are examples of quinary activities.
Activity
Visit any factory and find out the favourable factors which are responsible for its location.
Factors responsible for location of Industries
Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by the availability of many factors. Some of them are: Raw Materials, Land, Water, Labour, Capital, Power, Transport, and Market. The locational factors of industries are grouped into: Geographical factors and Non-Geographical factors.
1. Geographical Factors
1. Raw Material: Bulky goods and weight losing materials cannot be transported for long distances. Therefore, industries like iron and steel and sugar industries are located near the place of availability of iron ore and sugar cane respectively. Steel Plant in Salem is located near Kanjamalai, where iron ore is available. Similarly, Sugar industries are located near the sugarcane growing areas.
2. Power: Power is base and essential to run the entire industry. Power is mostly generated from conventional sources like coal, mineral oil,and water. So, any one of these sources must be located near the industries to fulfil its power requirement.
3. Labour: Availability of cheap and skilled labour is another important requirement for labour intensive industries (e.g., Tea industry).
4. Transport: It is needed for transporting raw materials to the industries and also for sending the finished products to the market. Availability of easy transportation always influences the location of an industry. So, the junction points of waterways, roadways and railways become active centres of industrial activity.
5. Storage and Warehousing: The finished goods should reach the market at the end of the process of manufacturing. Hence, such finished products should be stored at suitable storage or warehouse till the goods are taken to the market.
6. Topography: The site that is selected for the establishment of an industry must be flat. So, it can be well served by different modes of transport.
7. Climate: Climate of the area selected for an industry is also one of the important factors of location of industries. Extreme climate condition is not suitable for the successful industrial growth. Moreover, there are certain industries which require a specific climate. Example: Cool- humid climate is ideal for cotton textile industry. As Coimbatore and Tiruppur have such type of climate, many cotton textile industries are located in this zone.
8. Water Resources: Availability of water is another important factor that influences the industrial location. Many industries are established near rivers, canals, and lakes for this reason. Iron and steel industries, textile industries and chemical industries require plenty of water, for their proper functioning.
Find out
Find out the reasons for uneven distribution of industries in India.
2. Non-Geographical Factors
1. Capital: Capital or huge investment is needed for the establishment of industries without which no industry can be established.
2. Availability of Loans: In most cases, it is not possible to start an industry with enough capital in hand. So, the investors seek loan to start the industries. Thus, the organizational set up which provides loan and insurance are required.
3. Government Policies/Regulations: Government policies are another important factor that influences industrial location. The government sets certain restriction in the allocation of land for industries in order to reduce regional disparities, to control excessive pollution and to avoid the excessive clustering of industries in big cities. So, the policies also affect the industrial locations.
Activity
Think about Black Board and chalk piece
1. Name the raw materials used for production.
2. Find the places of their production.
3. Name the industrial category in which chalks are made.
Classification of Industries
Industries are classified on various basis in the following ways.
On the basis of Raw Materials
(1) Agro Based Industries: These industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. Example: Food Processing, Vegetable Oil, Cotton Textile, Dairy Products, etc.
(2) Mineral Based Industries: These are the industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral based industry. Cement, Machine Tools, etc. are the other examples of mineral based industries.
(3) Marine Based Industries: These industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Example; Processed Sea Food, Fish Oil manufacturing units etc.
(4) Forest Based Industries: These industries use forest products as their raw materials. Example: Pulp & Paper, Furniture and Some Pharmaceuticals industries, etc.
On the basis of Size and Capital
(1) Large Scale Industries: The capital required for the establishment of an industry is more than one crore the industry is called as large scale industry. Iron & steel, Oil refineries, Cement and Textile industries are the best examples for large scale industries.
(2) Small Scale Industries: The capital required for the establishment of an industry is less than one crore, the industry is called as small scale industry. Silk weaving and household industries belong to this category.
Do You Know?
Detroit of India
Detroit city in Michigan State, USA is known as the world's traditional automotive centre. In India Chennai is known as 'Detroit of India'. It has the world famous automobile industries such as GM, Ford, Hyundai and Mahindra. The city accounts for 60% of the country's automobile exports.
Apart from the above cited industries, cottage or household industries are also a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans with the help of family members. These industries are also classified and grouped as miscellaneous categories. Example: Basket weaving, Pot Making, handicrafts etc.
On the basis of Ownership
(1) Private Sector Industries: These type of industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Example: Bajaj Auto, Reliance, etc.
(2) Public Sector Industries: This type of industries is owned and operated by the Government. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL), Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) are the examples of Public sector industries.
Activity
List out the ownership-based industries which are located in your places.
(3) Joint Sector Industries: These types of industries are owned and operated jointly by the Government and Individuals or a Group of Individuals. Example: Indian Oil Sky Tanking Ltd, Indian Synthetic Rubber Ltd, Mahanagar Gas Ltd, Maruti Udyog etc.,
(4) Co-operative Sector Industries: Industries of this kind are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials or workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) is the best example of the Co-operative sector.
Recap
1. Industry: Industry is a place of process by which the raw materials are changed into finished products.
2. Economic Activity: Any action that involves in the production, distribution, consumption or services in an activity.
3. Types of Economic Activities: Primary economic activities, secondary economic activities and tertiary economic activities are the fundamental and major economic activities.
4. Factors affecting location of Industries: Factors affecting location of industries are raw materials, capital, land, water, labour, power supply, transport and market.
Glossary
Quaternary activities Creation and transfer of information நான்காம் நிலை தொழில் Quinary activities Decision making processes by Executives associated with industries, government, etc ஐந்தாம் நிலைதொழில் Private Sector This industry is owned and operated by individuals or group of individuals. தனியார்துறை Co-operative Sector This industry is owned by the producer or suppliers of raw materials or workers or both. கூட்டுறவு துறை
Evaluation
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer
1. Silk weaving and house hold industries come under the category of ____
a) Small scale industry b) Large scale industry c) Marine based industry d) Capital intensive industry
2. On the basis of ownership the industry can be divided into ____ types
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
3. Amul dairy industry is best example of ____ sector.
a) Private Sector b) Public Sector c) Co-operative sector d) Joint sector
4. Iron and Steel and Cement Industries are the examples of ____ industries.
a) Agro based b) Mineral based c) Forest based d) Marine based
5. Tertiary activity is divided into ____ types
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 5 Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks
1. Banking is a economic activity.
2. Tertiary activity is divided into and
3. Government decision making process comes under the category of tertiary economic activity.
4. Raw material-based perspective Cotton Textile industry is a industry.
5. Capital required for establishing a large-scale industry is more than
Exercise 3. Match the following
| 1. Judicial sector | |
| 2. TV telecasts | |
| 3. Geographical factor | |
| 4. Capital | |
| 5. Bajaj Auto | |
Options: Private Sector, Non Geographical factor, Quaternary activity, Raw materials, Quinary activity
Exercise 4. Distinguish between
1. Secondary economic activity and tertiary economic activity.
2. Agro based and marine based industries.
3. Large scale industries and small scale industries.
Exercise 5. Answer briefly
1. Define industry.
2. What is meant by economic activity?
3. Name the major economic activities.
4. What is Quinary activity? Elucidate with an example.
5. Name the factors responsible for the location of industries.
6. Write a short note on the following
a) Large scale industries
b) Small scale industries
Exercise 6. Answer in Paragraph
1. Classify and explain the industries based on the source of raw materials.
2. Explain the Geographical factors which affect the location of industries?
3. Classify the industries through a flow chart.
Reference Books
1. Economic Geography by "Wood and Roberts, (2010)
2. Economic Geography by Jessie P.H. Poon (2016)
3. Economic Geography by K.K. Khanna and V.K.Gupta (1998)
Internet Resources
http://ncert.nic.in
https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/ industries/industries-classification-of industries
https://www.clearias.com/factorsresponsible-for-the-location-of-primarysecondary-and-tertiary-sector-industriesin-various-parts-of-the-world-includingindia
Book-back Exercises — Questions & Answers
Answers generated strictly from the Samacheer Kalvi textbook content. Attempt each question first, then click "Show Answer" to check.
1. Choose the correct answer
1. Silk weaving and house hold industries come under the category of ______
a) Small scale industry b) Large scale industry c) Marine based industry d) Capital intensive industry
Answer: a) Small scale industry
Explanation: According to the chapter, silk weaving and household industries belong to the small scale industry category where the capital required is less than one crore.
2. On the basis of ownership the industry can be divided into ______ types
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Answer: c) 4
Explanation: Based on ownership, industries are classified into four types: Private Sector, Public Sector, Joint Sector, and Co-operative Sector Industries.
3. Amul dairy industry is best example of ______ sector.
a) Private Sector b) Public Sector c) Co-operative sector d) Joint sector
Answer: c) Co-operative sector
Explanation: Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) is given as the best example of the Co-operative sector, which is owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials or workers.
4. Iron and Steel and Cement Industries are the examples of ______ industries.
a) Agro based b) Mineral based c) Forest based d) Marine based
Answer: b) Mineral based
Explanation: Mineral based industries use mineral ores as their raw materials. Iron made from iron ore and cement are examples of mineral based industries mentioned in the chapter.
5. Tertiary activity is divided into ______ types
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 5
Answer: Refer to the chapter text for this answer.
2. Fill in the blanks
1. Banking is a ______ economic activity.
Answer: quaternary
2. Tertiary activity is divided into ______ and ______
Answer: Refer to the chapter text for this answer.
3. Government decision making process comes under the ______ category of tertiary economic activity.
Answer: quinary
4. Raw material-based perspective Cotton Textile industry is a ______ industry.
Answer: agro based
5. Capital required for establishing a large-scale industry is more than ______
Answer: one crore
3. Match the following
1. Match the Following
| 1. Judicial sector | a) Private Sector |
| 2. TV telecasts | b) Non Geographical factor |
| 3. Geographical factor | c) Quaternary activity |
| 4. Capital | d) Raw materials |
| 5. Bajaj Auto | e) Quinary activity |
Answers: 1-e, 2-c, 3-d, 4-b, 5-a
4. Distinguish between
1. Secondary economic activity and tertiary economic activity.
Answer: Secondary activities change raw materials into usable products through processing and manufacturing, like bakeries making flour into bread. Tertiary activities provide essential services and support industries to function, including transportation, finance, education, and retail services.
2. Agro based and marine based industries.
Answer: Agro based industries use plant and animal-based products as raw materials, like food processing and cotton textile. Marine based industries use products from sea and oceans as raw materials, like processed sea food and fish oil manufacturing.
3. Large scale industries and small scale industries.
Answer: Large scale industries require capital more than one crore for establishment, like iron & steel and oil refineries. Small scale industries require capital less than one crore, including silk weaving and household industries.
5. Answer briefly
1. Define industry.
Answer: Industry is a process by which the raw materials are changed into finished products. This transformation of commodities from one form to another is the essence of manufacturing industry.
2. What is meant by economic activity?
Answer: Any action that involves in the production, distribution, consumption or services is an economic activity.
3. Name the major economic activities.
Answer: The major economic activities are Primary Economic Activities, Secondary Economic Activities, Tertiary Economic Activities, Quaternary Activities, and Quinary Activities.
4. What is Quinary activity? Elucidate with an example.
Answer: Quinary economic activities refer to high level decision making processes by executives in industries, business, education, and government. For example, the council of ministers taking decisions to introduce various people welfare schemes in the state.
5. Name the factors responsible for the location of industries.
Answer: The factors responsible for location of industries are Raw Materials, Land, Water, Labour, Capital, Power, Transport, and Market. These are grouped into Geographical factors and Non-Geographical factors.
6. Write a short note on the following a) Large scale industries b) Small scale industries
Answer: a) Large Scale Industries: When capital required for establishment is more than one crore, the industry is called large scale industry. Iron & steel, Oil refineries, Cement and Textile industries are examples. b) Small Scale Industries: When capital required is less than one crore, it is called small scale industry. Silk weaving and household industries belong to this category.
6. Answer in Paragraph
1. Classify and explain the industries based on the source of raw materials.
Answer: Industries based on raw materials are classified into four types: Agro Based Industries use plant and animal-based products like food processing and cotton textile. Mineral Based Industries use mineral ores as raw materials like iron and steel, cement. Marine Based Industries use products from sea and oceans like processed sea food and fish oil manufacturing. Forest Based Industries use forest products as raw materials like pulp & paper, furniture and some pharmaceuticals industries.
2. Explain the Geographical factors which affect the location of industries?
Answer: Geographical factors affecting industrial location include: Raw materials must be near industries as bulky goods cannot be transported long distances. Power from coal, oil or water sources is essential to run industries. Labour availability, especially cheap and skilled labour is important. Transport is needed for raw materials and finished products. Topography should be flat for easy transport access. Climate affects industrial growth, with specific industries requiring particular climates like cool-humid climate for cotton textiles. Water resources are essential as many industries require plenty of water for functioning.
3. Classify the industries through a flow chart.
Answer: Industries can be classified in three ways: Based on Raw Materials (Agro Based, Mineral Based, Marine Based, Forest Based), Based on Size and Capital (Large Scale Industries with capital more than one crore, Small Scale Industries with capital less than one crore), and Based on Ownership (Private Sector owned by individuals, Public Sector owned by government, Joint Sector owned jointly by government and individuals, Co-operative Sector owned by producers or suppliers).
📝 Summary
- Industry is a process by which raw materials are changed into finished products, and the economic strength of a country is always measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
- Economic activities are classified into five categories: Primary (raw cotton production), Secondary (spinning mill), Tertiary (trade, transport), Quaternary (banking sector), and Quinary (judicial sector).
- Primary economic activities include forestry, grazing, hunting, food gathering, fishing, agriculture, mining, and quarrying - activities that have been originated in the very beginning.
- Secondary activities change raw materials into usable products through processing and manufacturing, such as bakeries making flour into bread and factories changing metals and plastics into vehicles.
- The services sector is one of the largest sectors of India, currently serving as the backbone of the Indian economy and contributing around 53% of the Indian Gross Domestic Product.