Employment In India And Tamil Nadu
Class 9 | Social Science — Economics | Unit 2
Class 9 Unit 2 Economics
UNIT 2 Employment in India and Tamil Nadu
Learning Objectives
- To know the employment structure in India
- Understand the organised and unorganised sector
- Understand the distinction between public sector and private sector
- Understand the changing employment pattern
- To appreciate the case study format
Introduction
You know the basic needs of every human being are food, clothes and shelter. In the present world, one more essential need has to be added in this list. That is employment. To survive in the world, we all need employment to earn money. Those who are engaged in economic activities, in whatever capacity– high or low – are called employees. People who employ these workers and pay rewards for their work are called the employers. Labour force of the economy is the number of people in the country who work and also capable of working. We take the age group of 15–60 years for the computation of workforce. Persons who are less than 15 years are considered as children, and person who have crossed 60 years of age are excluded as they are not physically fit to undertake productive occupation. If larger percentage of population is accounted by children and old-age persons, then the progress of the country would be very slow as the working force is very small. Besides, the small working force will have to maintain larger non-working force for feeding out of the small national product.
2.1 Employment Structure in India
The nature of employment in India is multi-dimensional. Some get employment throughout the year; some others get employed for only a few months in a year. The economy is classified into three sectors: primary or agriculture sector, secondary or industrial sector and tertiary or service sector.
Employment Structure
The structure of employment denotes the number of workers engaged in different sectors of the economy. Though the occupational pattern varies from one country to another, one can find in developing countries like India that a large work force will be engaged in primary sector, while a small proportion in secondary and tertiary sectors. Whereas, in well-developed countries, the proportion of workforce engaged in agriculture will be very small and a majority of labour force will be in the industrial and tertiary sectors. Employment has always featured as an important element of development policy in India. Employment growth has increased at an average rate of 2 percent during the past four decades since 1972–73.
Do You Know?
In the medieval period, Feroz Shah Thuglaq, the Sultan of Delhi, had set up an 'Employment Bureau' to solve the unemployment problem.
2.2 Types of Employment: Organised and Unorganised Sectors
Organised Sector
The organised sector is one that is incorporated with the appropriate authority or government and follows appropriate rules and regulations. In short organised sectors are those which are deliberately planned, designed and duly sanctioned by competent authority. They are formal by nature. In India employees of central and state governments, banks, railways, insurance, industry and so on can be called as organised sector. This sector works according to certain rules and regulations given in the law. Organised sector has some formal processes and procedures. The employees in this sector are provided with job security and receive higher wages than those of the unorganised sectors. Organised sector gives good salary, fixed working hours, paid holidays and provides medical allowance and insurance also.
Unorganised Sector
The unorganised sector of the economy characterised by the household manufacturing activity and small-scale industry. Jobs here are low paid and often not regular, Mostly, they do not have paid leave, holiday, leave due to sickness and so on. Employment is not secure. When there is no work, people are asked to leave the job. This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the street, doing repair work and so on. In the unorganised sector, the employment terms are not fixed and regular. They do not enjoy any special benefits or job security. These enterprises are not registered with the government.
Public Sector versus Private Sector
Economic activities are classified into public and private sector based on who owns assets and is responsible for the delivery of services.
Differences between the Public Sector and Private Sector
| S. No. | Public Sector | Private Sector |
|---|
| 1 | Service motive | Profit motive |
| 2 | Government owns the assets | Private individuals own the assets |
| 3 | Wages are paid by the government | Wages are paid by the owner of private enterprises. |
Examples
| Public Sector | Private Sector |
|---|
| NLC | TVS Motors |
| SAIL | Ashok Leyland |
| BSNL | TATA Steel |
2.3 Employment Pattern
In recent years, there has been a change in the employment pattern and this has helped the employers to develop more flexible working patterns among their employees. The trends are (a) increasing self-employment (b) firms using fewer full-time employees and tending to offer more short-term contracts (c) there has been a growth in part-time employment. This may be due to lifestyle of the people.
Employment Trends in Tamil Nadu
Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in gross domestic product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. This is because the non-agriculture sectors are yet to generate enough employment to affect a shift of labour force. Most of the employment growth in Tamil Nadu has been contributed by the unorganised and informal sectors.
Employment in Iruvelpattu: A case study
What is happening in the employment scenario can be understood not only from national or state level, but also from the study of the village economy. Iruvelpattu is one such village in Villupuram district in Tamil Nadu. This village has been studied for more than 100 years by many scholars. This village is also called Slater village as Gilbert Slater was the first scholar working in the University of Madras to go with his students to study this village in 1916. Over the years, many scholars surveyed the occupation of villagers and collected many more details of each person in the village. It was clearly observed that the government brought social security awareness among the people of the village through primary health care, provision of schools and maintenance of public distribution system. Though this village underwent many changes, it is still dependent on agriculture as the main occupation. Look at the following table or chart. You will notice that during 1981, out of 100 families, 24 percentage were engaged in non-agricultural laboures. In 2008, the member of families engaged in such employment increased to 41 percentage During 1981 to 2008, the proportion of families engaged in agriculture has declined from 34 percentage to 26 percentage both as agriculture labourers and as cultivators.
Employment details of households in Iruvelpattu (in percentage)
| Occupation | percentage of Households 1981 | 2008 |
|---|
| Cultivators | 42 | 33 |
| Agricultural labourers | 34 | 26 |
| Non-agricultural labourers | 24 | 41 |
| All households | 100 | 100 |
Activity
1. Why did people shift from agriculture to non-agriculture jobs in Iruvelpattu? What could have been the reasons?
2. Do you think it is easy to move from agriculture to non-agriculture jobs? Talk to your teachers and parents and discuss in the class.
3. Collect details of main occupations of 20 families in your locality. Prepare a table or chart as given above and discuss in the class.
Recap
- Labour force is the number of people in the country who work and also capable of working.
- Structure of employment denotes number of workers engaged in different sectors of the economy.
- The employment growth rate of India increased at an average rate of 2 percentage during past four decades from 1972 to 73.
- Organised sector provides job security and other benefits like insurance to its employees.
- Public sector means government undertakings.
- Employment pattern changes due to lifestyle of the people.
EXERCISE
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer
1. We take age group ____ years for computation of the workforce.
a. 12 to 60 b. 15 to 60 c. 21 to 65 d. 5 to 14
2. Which is the correct sequence of various sectors in GDP of India in the descending order?
a. Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector b. Primary sector, Tertiary sector, Secondary sector c. Tertiary sector, Secondary sector, Primary sector d. Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, Primary sector
3. Which one of the following sectors is the largest employer in India.
a. Primary Sector b. Secondary Sector c. Tertiary Sector d. Public sector
4. Which one of the following is not in Primary Sector
a. Agriculture b. Manufacturing c. Mining d. Fishery
5. Which one of the following is not in the Secondary Sector?
a. Construction b. Manufacturing c. Small Scale Industry d. Forestry
6. Tertiary Sector includes
a. Transport b. Insurance c. Banking d. All of these
7. Which sector is not included in the occupational pattern?
a. Primary sector b. Secondary sector c. Tertiary sector d. Private sector
8. Match the List 1 with List 2 using the codes given below:
a. Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and Mining - 1. Unorganised sector
b. Manufacturing, Electricity Gas and Water Supply - 2. Service Sector
c. Trade, Transport and Communication - 3. Secondary sector
d. Unincorporated Enterprises and Household industries - 4. Primary Sector
a. (A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4 b. (A)4 (B)3 (C)2 (D)1 c. (A)2 (B)3 (C)1 (D)4 d. (A)3 (B)2 (C)4 (D)1
9. Which Delhi Sultan of medieval India formed 'Employment Bureau' to solve the unemployment problem.
a. Muhamad Bin Tugluq b. Allauddin Khilji c. Feroz Shah Tugluq d. Balban
10. ____ sector is registered and follows government rules.
a. Agriculture b. Organised c. Unorganised d. Private
11. ____ sector provides job security and higher wages
a. Public sector b. Organised sector c. Unorganised sector d. Private sector
12. Find the odd one
a. Banking b. Railways c. Insurance d. Small Scale Industry
13. The sectors are classified into Public and Private sectors on the basis of
a. number of workers employed b. nature of economic activity c. ownership of enterprises d. employment conditions
14. Assertion (A) : The unorganised sector of the economy characterised by the household manufacturing activity and small-scale industry.
Reason (R) : Jobs here are low paid and often not regular
a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c. (A) is correct and (R) is false d. (A) is false and (R) is true
15. People who employ workers and pay rewards for their work is termed as ____.
a. employee b. employer c. labour d. caretaker
16. ____ continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu.
a. Agriculture b. Manufacturing c. Banking d. Small Scale Industry Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks
1. In sector, the employment terms are not fixed and regular.
2. Economic activities are classified into and sectors.
3. has always featured as an important element of development policy in India.
4. Employment pattern changes due to .
5. The nature of employment in India is .
6. of the economy is the number of people in the country, who work and also capable of working.
7. Public sector means
Exercise 3. Match the following
| 1. Public sector | | a. Banking |
| 2. Private sector | | b. Poultry |
| 3. Primary sector | | c. Profit motive |
| 4. Tertiary sector | | d. Service motive |
Exercise 4. Give Short answers
1. What is labour force of the economy?
2. Why are children and old age (above 60 years) are not considered for computation of workforce?
3. What are the three sectors of an economy?
4. Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in Gross Domestic Product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. Give reason.
Exercise 5. Answer in detail
1. Explain: (a) primary sector; (b) secondary sector; (c)tertiary sector.
2. Explain the employment structure of India.
3. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
4. Distinguish between the Public sector and the Private sector.
Exercise 6. Projects and Activities
1. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you. In what way can you classify them?
2. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Chennai and found the following:
3. Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Milk vendor, tailor, teacher, doctor, farmer, postman, engineer, potter, fisherman, artisans, policeman, banker, driver, carpenter.
| Place of work | Nature of employment | Percentage of working people |
|---|
| In offices and factories registered with the government | Organised | 15 |
| Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license | | 20 |
| People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers | | 25 |
| Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government | | |
Exercise 7. HOTS
Tertiary sector is in top position in the world now. Justify
Exercise 8. Life Skill
Discuss the sectors of your village economy.
REFERENCE BOOK AND INTERNET RESOURCES
- Iruvelapattu (1916-2008), Economic and Political Weekly, July 31, 2010, volume 45, Number 31, page 47 to 61.
- https://villageinfo.in
- https://quickonomics.com
- https://study.com
ICT CORNER
Employment in India and Tamil Nadu
Steps: Type the URL given (or) Scan the QR Code. Tamilnadu skill development corporation webpage will open. Click on the 'List of Training Courses'. Select occordingly in the corresponding boxes. A list of training will appear. Click New Registration and select 'TNSDC LOGIN' and type your username and password. Click 'Downloads' to get important G.O.'s about skill developments. Click the 'Important Links' to get other important links. Timeline Project's URL: https://www.tnskill.tn.gov.in/
UNIT 3 MONEY AND CREDIT
Book-back Exercises — Questions & Answers
Answers generated strictly from the Samacheer Kalvi textbook content. Attempt each question first, then click "Show Answer" to check.
1. Choose the correct answer
1. We take age group DASH years for computation of the workforce.
a) 12 to 60 b) 15 to 60 c) 21 to 65 d) 5 to 14
Answer: b) 15 to 60
Explanation: We take the age group of 15–60 years for the computation of workforce.
2. Which is the correct sequence of various sectors in GDP of India in the descending order?
a) Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector b) Primary sector, Tertiary sector, Secondary sector c) Tertiary sector, Secondary sector, Primary sector d) Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, Primary sector
Answer: c) Tertiary sector, Secondary sector, Primary sector
Explanation: Based on the employment structure mentioned in the chapter.
3. Which one of the following sectors is the largest employer in India.
a) Primary Sector b) Secondary Sector c) Tertiary Sector d) Public sector
Answer: a) Primary Sector
Explanation: In developing countries like India, a large work force will be engaged in primary sector.
4. Which one of the following is not in Primary Sector
a) Agriculture b) Manufacturing c) Mining d) Fishery
Answer: b) Manufacturing
Explanation: Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector, while agriculture, mining, and fishery are part of primary sector.
5. Which one of the following is not in the Secondary Sector?
a) Construction b) Manufacturing c) Small Scale Industry d) Forestry
Answer: d) Forestry
Explanation: Forestry is part of the primary sector, while construction, manufacturing, and small scale industry belong to secondary sector.
6. Tertiary Sector includes
a) Transport b) Insurance c) Banking d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Tertiary sector includes transport, insurance, and banking as service activities.
7. Which sector is not included in the occupational pattern?
a) Primary sector b) Secondary sector c) Tertiary sector d) Private sector
Answer: d) Private sector
Explanation: The economy is classified into three sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary sectors for occupational pattern.
8. Match the List 1 with List 2 using the codes given below:
a. Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and Mining - 1. Unorganised sector
b. Manufacturing, Electricity Gas and Water Supply - 2. Service Sector
c. Trade, Transport and Communication - 3. Secondary sector
d. Unincorporated Enterprises and Household industries - 4. Primary Sector a) 1 2 3 4 b) 4 3 2 1 c) 2 3 1 4 d) 3 2 4 1
Answer: b) 4 3 2 1
Explanation: a-4 (Primary Sector), b-3 (Secondary sector), c-2 (Service Sector), d-1 (Unorganised sector).
9. Which Delhi Sultan of medieval India formed 'Employment Bureau' to solve the unemployment problem.
a) Muhamad Bin Tugluq b) Allauddin Khilji c) Feroz Shah Tugluq d) Balban
Answer: c) Feroz Shah Tugluq
Explanation: In the medieval period, Feroz Shah Thuglaq, the Sultan of Delhi, had set up an 'Employment Bureau' to solve the unemployment problem.
10. DASH sector is registered and follows government rules.
a) Agriculture b) Organised c) Unorganised d) Private
Answer: b) Organised
Explanation: The organised sector is one that is incorporated with the appropriate authority or government and follows appropriate rules and regulations.
11. DASH sector provides job security and higher wages
a) Public sector b) Organised sector c) Unorganised sector d) Private sector
Answer: b) Organised sector
Explanation: The employees in organised sector are provided with job security and receive higher wages than those of the unorganised sectors.
12. Find the odd one
a) Banking b) Railways c) Insurance d) Small Scale Industry
Answer: d) Small Scale Industry
Explanation: Banking, Railways, and Insurance are tertiary sector activities, while Small Scale Industry belongs to secondary sector.
13. The sectors are classified into Public and Private sectors on the basis of
a) number of workers employed b) nature of economic activity c) ownership of enterprises d) employment conditions
Answer: c) ownership of enterprises
Explanation: Economic activities are classified into public and private sector based on who owns assets and is responsible for the delivery of services.
14. Assertion (A) : The unorganised sector of the economy characterised by the household manufacturing activity and small-scale industry. Reason (R) : Jobs here are low paid and often not regular
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
Explanation: Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion about characteristics of unorganised sector.
15. People who employ workers and pay rewards for their work is termed as DASH.
a) employee b) employer c) labour d) caretaker
Answer: b) employer
Explanation: People who employ these workers and pay rewards for their work are called the employers.
16. DASH continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu.
a) Agriculture b) Manufacturing c) Banking d) Small Scale Industry
Answer: a) Agriculture
Explanation: Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in gross domestic product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu.
(2). Fill in the blanks
1. In DASH sector, the employment terms are not fixed and regular.
Answer: unorganised
2. Economic activities are classified into DASH and DASH sectors.
Answer: public, private
3. DASH has always featured as an important element of development policy in India.
Answer: Employment
4. Employment pattern changes due to DASH.
Answer: lifestyle of the people
5. The nature of employment in India is DASH.
Answer: multi-dimensional
6. DASH of the economy is the number of people in the country, who work and also capable of working.
Answer: Labour force
7. Public sector means DASH
Answer: government undertakings
(3). Match the following:
1. Match the Following
| 1. Public sector | a. Banking |
| 2. Private sector | b. Poultry |
| 3. Primary sector | c. Profit motive |
| 4. Tertiary sector | d. Service motive |
Answers: 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a
(4). Give Short answers:
1. What is labour force of the economy?
Answer: Labour force of the economy is the number of people in the country who work and also capable of working. We take the age group of 15–60 years for the computation of workforce.
2. Why are children and old age (above 60 years) are not considered for computation of workforce?
Answer: Persons who are less than 15 years are considered as children, and person who have crossed 60 years of age are excluded as they are not physically fit to undertake productive occupation.
3. What are the three sectors of an economy?
Answer: The economy is classified into three sectors: primary or agriculture sector, secondary or industrial sector and tertiary or service sector.
4. Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in Gross Domestic Product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. Give reason.
Answer: This is because the non-agriculture sectors are yet to generate enough employment to affect a shift of labour force. Most of the employment growth in Tamil Nadu has been contributed by the unorganised and informal sectors.
(5). Answer in detail:
1. Explain: (a) primary sector; (b) secondary sector; (c)tertiary sector.
Answer: The economy is classified into three sectors: (a) Primary or agriculture sector includes agriculture, forestry, fishery and mining activities. (b) Secondary or industrial sector includes manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas and water supply. (c) Tertiary or service sector includes trade, transport, communication, banking and insurance activities. These sectors represent different types of economic activities based on the nature of work performed.
2. Explain the employment structure of India.
Answer: The structure of employment denotes the number of workers engaged in different sectors of the economy. The nature of employment in India is multi-dimensional. In developing countries like India, a large work force will be engaged in primary sector, while a small proportion in secondary and tertiary sectors. Employment has always featured as an important element of development policy in India. Employment growth has increased at an average rate of 2 percent during the past four decades since 1972–73.
3. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer: Organised sector is incorporated with the appropriate authority and follows rules and regulations. It provides job security, higher wages, good salary, fixed working hours, paid holidays, medical allowance and insurance. Unorganised sector is characterised by household manufacturing activity and small-scale industry. Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. They do not have paid leave, holidays, or job security. Employment terms are not fixed and regular, and enterprises are not registered with government.
4. Distinguish between the Public sector and the Private sector.
Answer: Public sector has service motive while private sector has profit motive. In public sector, government owns the assets and wages are paid by the government. Examples include NLC, SAIL, BSNL. In private sector, private individuals own the assets and wages are paid by the owner of private enterprises. Examples include TVS Motors, Ashok Leyland, TATA Steel. Economic activities are classified based on who owns assets and is responsible for delivery of services.
📝 Summary
- Employment is a basic human need alongside food, clothes and shelter, with the labour force comprising people aged 15-60 years who work or are capable of working.
- India's employment structure is multi-dimensional with the economy classified into three sectors: primary (agriculture), secondary (industrial), and tertiary (service), where developing countries have large workforce in primary sector while developed countries have majority in industrial and tertiary sectors.
- Employment growth in India has increased at an average rate of 2 percent during the past four decades since 1972-73, making employment an important element of development policy.
- The organised sector includes government employees, banks, railways, insurance and industry that follow formal rules and regulations, providing job security, higher wages, fixed working hours, paid holidays and medical benefits.
- The unorganised sector comprises household manufacturing and small-scale industries with low-paid, irregular jobs lacking paid leave, job security, and formal benefits, including people doing small jobs like street selling.