Understanding Development Perspectives Measurement And Sustainability
Class 9 | Social Science — Economics | Unit 1
Class 9 Unit 1 Economics
UNIT 1 Understanding Development: Perspectives, Measurement and Sustainability
Learning Objectives
To know the meaning of development from different perspectives
To know the indicators of economic development
Understand the meaning of economic development
To know the policies for sustainable development
Introduction
The word 'development' is used widely. It refers to the progress of a particular field or a particular person. Similarly, the economic progress of a country is known as 'economic development'. However, the interpretation of the concept development keeps on changing from time to time, from person to person and its meaning gets extended further.
1.1 Different Perspectives About Development
Every human being has an ambition or desire of his or her own to achieve progress in life. Similarly, we have ideas about how a country should progress. If our thinking turns towards progress and about the ways to achieve the many goals for progress, it leads to development. Let us try to imagine what development means to different people.
From the above chart, you will notice that other than income, people seek freedom to grow on their own. Thus, development refers to the improvement in quality of life such as higher income, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty and more equal opportunity.
The term 'economic development' refers to the overall growth of all sectors of the economy by adoption of new technologies. Economic development improves the living standards of the people as well as the status of the country.
1.2 Indicators of Economic Development
The major indicators to measure the level of economic development are Net National Product (NNP), Per Capita Income (PCI), Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Human Development Index (HDI).
Do You Know?
Final money value of total goods and services produced with in the geographic boundaries of a country during a specified period of time, normaly a year is known as Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Net National Product
The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output. It is also known as national income. A rise in per capita income means an increase in aggregate real output. Hence, this is a better indicator than national income for measuring development. For measuring a country's development, its income is considered to be one of the most important factors. Countries with higher income are considered to be more developed than those with lesser income. So, income itself is considered to be one of the indicators of economic development.
Per Capita Income
However, for comparing the development of various countries, total income is not satisfactory measure. Since countries have different populations, comparing total income will not be suggestive of what an average person is likely to earn, as people in one country are better off than others in a different country? The average income is calculated by dividing the country's total income by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. Calculations on the per capita income of all countries are calculated only in the US dollar in order to compare International level.
Do You Know?
Per Capita Income
According to the World Bank report, new income measurements of countries are classified as below (2017–18)
| Serial Number | Types of Countries | Per Capita Income (US Dollar) |
|---|
| 1 | Low Income | below 1005 |
| 2 | Lower Middle Income | 1006 to 3955 |
| 3 | Upper Middle Income | 3956 to 12,235 |
| 4 | High Income | above 12,235 |
Source: www.worldbank.org
Purchasing Power Parity
Purchasing power parity is defined as the number of units of a country's currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar would buy in the US. The technique of purchasing power parity allows us to estimate what exchange between two currencies is needed to express the accurate purchasing power of the two currencies in the respective countries. Recently, India became the third largest economy in terms of PPP. China became the largest defeating the US to the second position.
Human Development
Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country. The term 'human resources' refers to the collective abilities of people, which can be utilised in the production sector. Human resource development means the development of a person's physical and mental abilities through education, health care and training. Therefore, investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country. For example, if a child is invested with good education and health, he or she may turn to be very productive in future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to the society.
Human Development Index (HDI) which indicates all round development of the people in the society. In the past, economists believed that the rate of economic growth of nations could be increased only by increasing investment in physical capital. But they have realised over time that investment in human capital is as important as investment in physical capital.
Do You Know?
The Ministry of Human Resource Development is responsible for the development of human resources in India. Its headquarters is situated at Shastri Bhavan in New Delhi.
1.3 Sustainability of Development
Sustainable economic development is taken to mean development without damaging the environment and not compromising with the needs of the future generation. The consequences of environmental degradation do not respect to national or state boundaries. Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
Natural resources can be divided into renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Revenewable resources are replenishable. Example Solar energy Non renewable resources are non replenishable example. Coal, Petroleum. Groundwater is an example of a renewable resource. The question arises as to how sustainable development is possible if the resources are over-used rather than getting replenished. Non-renewable resources get exhausted after certain number of years of extracting and using them and they cannot be replenished.
Do You Know?
Literacy rate of Tamil Nadu is the second highest among the southern states. Tamil Nadu's literacy rate is higher than the national average. The enrolment for higher education in Tamil Nadu is the highest in India
To achieve real sustainability, we need to balance economic, social and environmental sustainability in equal harmony. In general, the question of development or progress is continuous. At all times, as a member of society and as individuals, we need to ask where we want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals are.
| Serial Number | Parameter | Andhra Pradesh | Karnataka | Kerala | Gujarat | Uttar Pradesh | Tamil Nadu | India |
|---|
| 1 | Literacy Rate percentage (2011) | 67.02 | 75.36 | 94 | 78.03 | 69.72 | 80.09 | 74.04 |
| 2 | Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) (2011) | 993 | 973 | 1084 | 919 | 912 | 996 | 943 |
| 3 | Enrolment in Higher Education percentage (2015 to 16) | 30.8 | 26.1 | 30.8 | 20.7 | 24.5 | 44.3 | 24.5 |
Source: Niti Aayog
Renewable resources
Renewable resources are replenishable resources are pollution free and environment friendly. These resources take a short time for renewal. Example: solar energy, wind energy, water, wood, paper.
Non-renewable resources
Non-renewable resources are nonreplenishable resources which pollute and damage the environment. Million of years are needed for the formation of these resources. Example: Metals, glass, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas, diesel)
1.4 Policies for Sustainable Development
Use of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
India depends on thermal and hydro power plants to meet its power needs. Both these sources have an adverse environmental impact. Thermal power plants emit large quantities of carbon dioxide, which pollute the environment.
Solar Power in India
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. A solar electric system can reliably produce electricity for our home and offices. These distributed solar systems are often installed by home and business owners to reduce their electricity costs.
Solar power in India is a fast-developing industry. Tamil Nadu is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India. Tamil Nadu is one of the leading solar power producing states in India. As on 31 July 2017, the total installed capacity in Tamil Nadu is 1,697 MW.
1.5 Environmental Policies in India
Environmental policies in India have been evolved considerably over the past three decades. These policies have covered a wide range of issues such as air, water pollution, waste management and biodiversity conservation. India faces challenges in economic development, which has to be achieved with limited resources, minimum externalities and in the presence of an uncertain climate. One of the approaches to overcome this challenge is through the path of sustainable development.
The Supreme Court of India has interpreted and introduced new changes in environmental protection through a series of directions and judgements. Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."
Development increases the quality of life. This means that people will have higher incomes, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty and more equality of opportunity.
List of Environmental Acts in India
| Serial Number | Act | Action |
|---|
| 1 | National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 | Environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources |
| 2 | Biological Diversity Act, 2002 | To provide for conservation of biological diversity |
| 3 | The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 | Providing for the protection and improvement of the environment. |
| 4 | Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 | Check deforestation and encourage afforestation of non-forest areas. |
| 5 | Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 | Provides maintenance and restoration and quality of all types of surface and groundwater. |
| 6 | Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 | Providing protection to wild animals and birds |
The Growth Story of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is one of the states having achieved rapid progress with a relatively short period, despite it started from appalling levels of poverty, deprivation and inequality. During the short period, Tamil Nadu much to the consternation of many economists, initiated bold social programmes such as universal midday meals in primary schools and started putting in place an extensive social infrastructure – schools, health centres, roads, public transport, water supply, electricity connections, and much more.
Today, Tamil Nadu has some of the best public services among all Indian states, and many of them are accessible to all on a non-discriminatory basis. Last but not least, there is no evidence that the cultivation of human capability has been at the cost of conventional economic success, such as fast economic growth. Tamil Nadu have some of the highest per capita incomes and lowest poverty rates among all Indian states. Economic growth, in turn, has enabled these states to sustain and consolidate active social policies. This is an important example of the complementarity between economic growth and public support.
Source: An Uncertain Glory by Nobel laureate Prof. Amartya Sen.
Recap
Development refers to the progress of a particular field or a particular person.
Economic development means overall growth of all sectors of the economy.
The major indicators of economic development are Per Capita Income, Net National Product, Purchasing Power Parity and Human Development Index.
Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country.
Sustainable development means development should take place without damaging the environment and preserve it for the future.
The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 is aimed at protection to wild animals and birds.
Thermal power plants emit large quantity of carbon dioxide, which is harmful to the environment
EXERCISE
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer
1. Assertion(A): Development increases the quality of life.
Reason(R): People will have higher incomes, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty.
a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c. (A) is correct and (R) is false d. (A) is false and (R) is true
2. The term 'Human resources' refers to
a. investment on poor people b. expenditure on agriculture c. investment on assests d. collective abilities of people
3. For comparing development between countries, their _____ is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
a. growth b. income c. expenditure d. savings
4. _____ is considered a true measure of national income.
a. GNP b. GDP c. NNP d. NDP
5. The _____ income is also called per capita income.
a. average b. total c. people d. monthly
6. Which one of the following country is not a G-8 country
a. Japan b. Canada c. Russia d. India
7. Which one of the following country is not a member of SAARC
a. India b. Pakistan c. China d. Bhutan
8. Assertion (A): The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output.
Reason (R): It is also known as national income.
a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c. (A) is correct and (R) is false d. (A) is false and (R) is true
9. Assertion (A): Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country.
Reason (R): Investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country.
a. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c. (A) is correct and (R) is false d. (A) is false and (R) is true
10. The Human Development Index (HDI) does not take into account the following dimension in its calculation
a. Gender b. Health c. Education d. Income
11. Among the following states which state have the literacy rate (2011) higher than national average
a. Andhra Pradesh b. Uttar Pradesh c. Tamil Nadu d. None of these
12. Sex ratio means
a. the ratio between adult-male and adult female in a population b. the ratio between female and male in a population c. the relationship between male of female d. the number of females per thousand males
13. Inter-generational equality is ensured under the process of
a. Industrial progress b. Economic development c. Sustainable development d. Economic growth
14. Find the odd one
a. Solar energy b. Wind energy c. Paper d. Natural gas
15. _____ is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India.
a. Tamil Nadu b. West Bengal c. Kerala d. Andhra Pradesh
16. _____ resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use.
a. Natural b. Renewable c. Non-Renewable d. New
17. Thermal plant emits large quantity of _____, which pollutes the environment.
a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Carbon d. Carbon dioxide Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks
1. Economic progress of any country is known as .
2. The head quarters of HRD Ministry is in .
3. The state having the highest literacy rate in India is .
4. Human Development Report of the world prepared and released by .
5. Groundwater is an example of resource.
6. The book An Uncertain Glory was written by .
Exercise 3. Match the following
| 1. Development | |
| 2. Human resource | |
| 3. Solar energy | |
| 4. 1972 | |
Options: Wild life Protection Act, Renewable resources, Part of daily life, Education
Exercise 4. Give Short answers
1. What do you mean by development?
2. What are the indicators of development?
3. Why NNP is not considered as an useful measure to compare a country's development with other countries?
4. Why human resources is considered as the foremost resource of any country?
5. Expand the following:
1. PPP
2. HDI
6. Expand the following:
1. NNP
2. PCI
7. What is 'Solar Power'?
Exercise 5. Answer in detail
1. Discuss the policies for sustainable development.
2. Describe in detail about environmental policies in India.
3. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.
4. Mention any five environmental acts and their action.
Exercise 6. Projects and Activities
List the various ways in which the problems of garbage and emissions are being dealt with around the world.
Exercise 7. HOTS
Write in detail what kind of environmental problems you face in your locality.
Exercise 8. Life Skill
How is the Per Capita income calculated?
INTERNET RESOURCES
1. www.imf.org (The International Monetary Fund)
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sustainable_development
3. www.worldbank.org
4. Niti Aayog
5. hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends (The United Nations Development Programme)
6. http : //vikaspedia. in / energy / policy_support/ environment_1/forests/generalenvironmentalact
Book-back Exercises — Questions & Answers
Answers generated strictly from the Samacheer Kalvi textbook content. Attempt each question first, then click "Show Answer" to check.
1. Choose the correct answer
1. Assertion(A): Development increases the quality of life. Reason(R): People will have higher incomes, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
Explanation: The chapter states that "Development increases the quality of life. This means that people will have higher incomes, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty and more equality of opportunity."
2. The term 'Human resources' refers to
a) investment on poor people b) expenditure on agriculture c) investment on assests d) collective abilities of people
Answer: d) collective abilities of people
Explanation: The chapter clearly states "The term 'human resources' refers to the collective abilities of people, which can be utilised in the production sector."
3. For comparing development between countries, their _____ is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
a) growth b) income c) expenditure d) savings
Answer: b) income
Explanation: The chapter states "For measuring a country's development, its income is considered to be one of the most important factors."
4. _____ is considered a true measure of national income.
a) GNP b) GDP c) NNP d) NDP
Answer: c) NNP
Explanation: The chapter states "The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output. It is also known as national income."
5. The _____ income is also called per capita income.
a) average b) total c) people d) monthly
Answer: a) average
Explanation: The chapter states "The average income is calculated by dividing the country's total income by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income."
6. Which one of the following country is not a G-8 country
a) Japan b) Canada c) Russia d) India
Answer: d) India
Explanation: Refer to the chapter text for this answer.
7. Which one of the following country is not a member of SAARC
a) India b) Pakistan c) China d) Bhutan
Answer: c) China
Explanation: Refer to the chapter text for this answer.
8. Assertion (A): The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output. Reason (R): It is also known as national income.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer: b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A)
Explanation: The chapter states "The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output. It is also known as national income." Both statements are true but being known as national income doesn't explain why it's a true measure.
9. Assertion (A): Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country. Reason (R): Investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A) c) (A) is correct and (R) is false d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
Explanation: The chapter states "Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country" and "investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country."
10. The Human Development Index (HDI) does not take into account the following dimension in its calculation
a) Gender b) Health c) Education d) Income
Answer: a) Gender
Explanation: Refer to the chapter text for this answer.
11. Among the following states which state have the literacy rate (2011) higher than national average
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Uttar Pradesh c) Tamil Nadu d) None of these
Answer: c) Tamil Nadu
Explanation: From the table in chapter, Tamil Nadu's literacy rate is 80.09% which is higher than the national average of 74.04%.
12. Sex ratio means
a) the ratio between adult-male and adult female in a population b) the ratio between female and male in a population c) the relationship between male of female d) the number of females per thousand males
Answer: d) the number of females per thousand males
Explanation: From the table in chapter, sex ratio is shown as "Females per 1000 Males".
13. Inter-generational equality is ensured under the process of
a) Industrial progress b) Economic development c) Sustainable development d) Economic growth
Answer: c) Sustainable development
Explanation: The chapter defines sustainable development as "development without damaging the environment and not compromising with the needs of the future generation."
14. Find the odd one
a) Solar energy b) Wind energy c) Paper d) Natural gas
Answer: d) Natural gas
Explanation: Natural gas is a non-renewable resource while solar energy, wind energy, and paper are renewable resources according to the chapter.
15. _____ is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India.
a) Tamil Nadu b) West Bengal c) Kerala d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: a) Tamil Nadu
Explanation: The chapter states "Tamil Nadu is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India."
16. _____ resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use.
a) Natural b) Renewable c) Non-Renewable d) New
Answer: c) Non-Renewable
Explanation: The chapter states "Non-renewable resources get exhausted after certain number of years of extracting and using them and they cannot be replenished."
17. Thermal plant emits large quantity of _____, which pollutes the environment.
a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Carbon d) Carbon dioxide
Answer: d) Carbon dioxide
Explanation: The chapter states "Thermal power plants emit large quantities of carbon dioxide, which pollute the environment."
(2). Fill in the blanks
1. Economic progress of any country is known as _____.
Answer: economic development
2. The head quarters of HRD Ministry is in _____.
Answer: Shastri Bhavan in New Delhi
3. The state having the highest literacy rate in India is _____.
Answer: Kerala
4. Human Development Report of the world prepared and released by _____.
Answer: Refer to the chapter text for this answer.
5. Groundwater is an example of _____ resource.
Answer: renewable
6. The book An Uncertain Glory was written by _____.
Answer: Nobel laureate Prof. Amartya Sen
(3). Match the following
1. Match the Following
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. Development | a. Wild life Protection Act |
| 2. Human resource | b. Renewable resources |
| 3. Solar energy | c. Part of daily life |
| 4. 1972 | d. Education |
Answers: 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
(4). Give Short answers
1. What do you mean by development?
Answer: Development refers to the improvement in quality of life such as higher income, better education, better health and nutrition, less poverty and more equal opportunity. People seek freedom to grow on their own apart from income.
2. What are the indicators of development?
Answer: The major indicators to measure the level of economic development are Net National Product (NNP), Per Capita Income (PCI), Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Human Development Index (HDI).
3. Why NNP is not considered as an useful measure to compare a country's development with other countries?
Answer: For comparing the development of various countries, total income is not satisfactory measure. Since countries have different populations, comparing total income will not be suggestive of what an average person is likely to earn.
4. Why human resources is considered as the foremost resource of any country?
Answer: Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country. Investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country. Investment in human capital is as important as investment in physical capital.
5. Expand the following: 1. PPP 2. HDI
Answer: 1. PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 2. HDI - Human Development Index
6. Expand the following: 1. NNP 2. PCI
Answer: 1. NNP - Net National Product 2. PCI - Per Capita Income
7. What is 'Solar Power'?
Answer: Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity.
(5). Answer in detail
1. Discuss the policies for sustainable development.
Answer: India depends on thermal and hydro power plants but both have adverse environmental impact. Use of non-conventional sources of energy like solar power is promoted. Solar power in India is a fast-developing industry. Tamil Nadu is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India. To achieve real sustainability, we need to balance economic, social and environmental sustainability in equal harmony. The question of development is continuous and we need to ask where we want to go and what our goals are.
2. Describe in detail about environmental policies in India.
Answer: Environmental policies in India have been evolved considerably over the past three decades. These policies have covered a wide range of issues such as air, water pollution, waste management and biodiversity conservation. India faces challenges in economic development through sustainable development. The Supreme Court has introduced new changes in environmental protection through directions and judgements. Article 51 A (g) states that it is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife.
3. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.
Answer: Renewable resources are replenishable resources that are pollution free and environment friendly. These resources take a short time for renewal. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, water, wood, paper. Non-renewable resources are non-replenishable resources which pollute and damage the environment. Million of years are needed for the formation of these resources. Examples include metals, glass, fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas, diesel. Non-renewable resources get exhausted after years of use and cannot be replenished.
4. Mention any five environmental acts and their action.
Answer: 1. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 - Environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources 2. Biological Diversity Act, 2002 - To provide for conservation of biological diversity 3. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 - Providing for the protection and improvement of the environment 4. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - Check deforestation and encourage afforestation of non-forest areas 5. Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 - Provides maintenance and restoration and quality of all types of surface and groundwater.
📝 Summary
- Development has different meanings for different people and includes not just income but also freedom to grow, better education, health, nutrition, reduced poverty and equal opportunities.
- Economic development refers to overall growth of all economic sectors through adoption of new technologies, improving living standards and country's status.
- Major indicators to measure economic development include Net National Product (NNP), Per Capita Income (PCI), Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Human Development Index (HDI).
- Per capita income is calculated by dividing a country's total income by its total population and is measured in US dollars for international comparison, with World Bank classifying countries into four income categories.
- Purchasing Power Parity measures how many units of a country's currency are needed to buy the same goods and services that one dollar would buy in the US, allowing accurate comparison of purchasing power between currencies.